What Socio Historical Factors Play Into The Social...

1. What socio-historical factors play into the social construction of disabilities? Please be specific and provide examples to support your answers. Disability in a socio-cultural context can be defined as a barrier to participation of people with impairments or chronic illnesses arising from an interaction of the impairment or illness with discriminatory attitudes, cultures, policies or institutional practices (Booth, 2000). The traditional view of disability often focuses on the individual, highlighting incapacities or failings, a defect, or impairment. This focus creates obstacles to participation on equal terms since an individual who seems to lack certain capacities may not be able to attain autonomy. 2. How does this social construction of disabilities impact institutional policies, and societal and individual behaviors regarding disabilities? In other words, how have people with disabilities been marginalized in the past and present at those three levels? Please be specific and provide examples to support your answers. As a result of the marginalization, persons with disability, older people, and people with mental health issues often lack power within their families and communities, and autonomy in their own lives – and this feeds into the cycle of marginalization. Society often does not take into account the ways in which impairment is part of humanity. Instead, it views the effects of impairment as obstacles. This emanates from the interaction between personsShow MoreRelatedGender Marginalization5547 Words   |  23 Pages~ protection and integration. This limits their of opportunities and means for survival. The term has been defined in the following ways: 48 Peter Leonard defines m a r d i t y as, . ..being outside the mainstreamof productive activity andlor social reproductive activity. The Encyclopedia of Public Health defines marginalization as, To be margmdized is to be placed in the margins, and thus excluded from the privilege and power found at the center. Laitin observes that, Marginality is soRead MoreEssay on unit 73343 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿Sociology is the study of society and the different social structures within it. Sociology examines the role of the individual within society; it is viewed as the scientific study of society P1: An introduction to sociological perspectives. Functionalism: According to the functionalist perspective of sociology, each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to societys stability and functioning as a whole. For example, the government provides education for the children of the family,Read MoreThe Impacts of Mncs in the Economy of Bangladesh14643 Words   |  59 Pagespaper are follows- †¢ The ultimate goal of this seminar paper is find out the economic contribution and social responsibility of MNCs towards the people of Bangladesh. †¢ Drowning the situation of MNC in Bangladesh. †¢ Possibilities and constraints of MNCs †¢ To find out the future potentiality of MNCs in Bangladesh. †¢ Their obligations, responsibilities, and accountabilities. †¢ To reveal social response to the people of Bangladesh, if needed. Read MoreCsd 269 Study Guide Week 6 Essay2836 Words   |  12 Pagesfor Deaf People and Journey Text Readings Week 6 People Chapter 5 1. What kinds of parent-child interactions lead to language learning in babies? pointing, eye gazing, smiles, vocalizations, and engagement in games, nursery rhymes, and songs, family stories, and picture books 2. What categories do children’s first words usually fall into? names of animals, foods, toys, actions adjectives and social words (please, thank you, no, yes) 3. How does a sight-word reading vocabularyRead MoreThe Meaning of Mental Health and Ill-health2189 Words   |  9 Pagesindicate its opposite, or euphemistically to indicate facilities used by, or imposed upon, people with mental problems (pg 3) although Richards (2002) argued the concept of sanity and insanity are relative and may vary according to individual and social perspectives, and illustrated that an acceptable behaviour at an arts festival may not be perceived similar in a private home and that there are times when every one of us could be considered to be in an abnormal state of mind (pg 13-15) and in thatRead MoreAn Assessment of the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Nigerian Society: the Examples of Banking and Communication Industries18990 Words   |  76 PagesJournals Full Length Research Paper An assessment of the impact of corporate social responsibility on Nigerian society: The examples of banking and communication industries Adeyanju, Olanrewaju David Department of Financial Studies Redeemer’s University, km 46, Lagos Ibadan Expressway Mowe, Ogun State E-mail: davfol@yahoo.com, Tel No.: 07037794073 Accepted 30 January, 2012 In the Nigerian society, Corporate Social Responsibilities [CSR] has been a highly cotemporary and contextual issue toRead MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 Pagespolicies and structural transformations of the State 4.2.6.3 Construction of intercultural citizenship 4.2.7 The agricultural frontier: a new form of internal colonization 4.2.8 Current expressions of external colonization 13 14 14 5 16 16 18 22 22 23 25 26 28 29 31 The Current Situation: Manifestations of ethnic discrimination against Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendent communities in Nicaragua 34 5.1 Socio demographic situation of Indigenous Peoples Afro-descendentRead MoreSocio-Cultural Development17197 Words   |  69 PagesThe social and cultural environment Paul Wetherly Contents Introduction: what is the social and cultural environment? What has it got to do with business? Society, culture and business Demographic trends—an ageing population Immigration and multiculturalism Class structure Inequality A woman’s place? Looking ahead Summary Case study: decline of the working class? 123 150 152 152 153 153 153 Review and discussion questions 125 128 132 135 139 145 149 149 Assignments Further reading OnlineRead MoreCultural Anthropology6441 Words   |  26 PagesCulture is: Behaviour and beliefs related to art, leisure, and play. - linked to other cultural domains such as: Exchange: pot latching art and dance, Bodily modification. Decorations, tattoos Religion: clothing, practices, etc. What is Art? Art is application of imagination, skill and style to matters movement, and sound that goes beyond the purely practical. * High art= in a museum * Low art= graffiti Who decides: What is Art? Emic/etic confusions regarding art * Emic: insiderRead MoreFashion Marketing17446 Words   |  70 Pagesor future? - Democratisation of luxury: The future or the end of the luxury market? - Homogenisation of fashion: Dressing the same or different? EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES †¢ Describe the historical, cultural and economical dimension of fashion †¢ Compare and contrast the relationship of these forces (historical, cultural and economic) and their impact upon fashion †¢ Critically evaluate and identify key elements of decision-making processes in the marketing context of a fashion company MINIMUM

Analysis Of 12 Angry Men By Reginald Rose - 731 Words

Good Morning/ Afternoon teachers of the English Department. I am very thankful for you to invite me to talk to you today. As a student, we don t look forward to assignments based on boring novels or books that just don t captivate our attention. But the book by Reginald Rose, ’12 Angry Men’, on the other hand, is a story that fascinates and compels us. As well as being an entertaining book it is also an informative book. It goes through the legal system, the role of jurors, what to expect to come at you at the deliberation, it also gives us an insight on the law, how English was used in America in the 1950s and also shows us what jury serving looked like in the 1950s. Later in our life, we will all be called to serve in jury service and†¦show more content†¦But in the end, some people will alter their decision to make a verdict, whilst others just are stubborn. We all know that everyone should be treated equally and justly no matter what their colour or race is, but then why do we pre-judge them at the deliberation? Why do we feel like we must prejudge them? Well, it’s not a bad thing that we do it, sometimes it comes naturally to us. In the book, there are particular characters that just say guilty according to the defendants’ background, but there some characters that keep reminding other jurors that we shouldn t make a verdict depending on the defendants’ race, background and religion. ’12 Angry Men’ is a great book that has a lot of great persuasive text and also gives us a sort of vision on what happened at court in the 1950s. The book shows us that men were only allowed to be jurors at that time. So it tells us that men were thought highly of women in America. In the book, it shows us that people who were fair skinned people were only allowed to be jurors, whilst people with darker skin weren’t. Throughout the book, there was a continuous use of slang and swearing. It was used for some characters to describe them to show us what their personality and background was like. This is a challenging thing to do as Rose created his characters just using dialogue. It is also helpful for students as they can improve the quality of the writing by using dialogue toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of 12 Angry Men By Reginald Rose Essay1845 Words   |  8 Pages12 Angry Men The drama play/film, 12 Angry Men, written in 1957 by Reginald Rose, is about concerns that arise in a homicide trial of an 18 year old inner city teen, who was accused of stabbing his father to death. As the arguments of the trial closed, the 12 members of the jury prepare to put careful thought into a decision, with a guilty verdict sentencing the teen to death. As a unanimous decision is attempted to be reached while in isolation together, juror member 8 expresses sincere doubt inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play 12 Angry Men By Reginald Rose1082 Words   |  5 PagesFeature Article Prejudice is like a ghost, it has been haunting the human race since the very beginning. Maddison Hinte investigates the way prejudice affects our society by changing our views of others and the way we treat them. The play ‘12 angry men’ by Reginald Rose discusses that we shouldn t judge people on their background, on their style, or on their religion, instead we need to focus on what matters most, what’s on the inside. Literature both teaches and encourages us to question the issue ofRead More12 Angry Men- Jurors 4 and 8 Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesReginald Rose’s ’12 Angry Men’ brings 12 jurors together in a room to decide whether a young foreign boy is guilty of killing his father. The play is interwoven with dynamic characterisation, striking symbolism and intense moments of drama. Although Rose positions Juror 8 as the hero, the strongest character is in fact Juror 4, who is an independent thinker, rational and calm even as tension beg ins to build. Although Juror 4 initially votes guilty, he is able to admit his fault and change his voteRead MoreJustice In Reginald Roses 12 Angry Men1532 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermining what the true meaning of righteousness is for an individual. The perspective of justice a person has however is not the only factor that comes into play, when establishing whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. The play, ‘12 angry men’, written by Reginald Rose, is a drama involved around a jury and a homicide case. In comparison, the movie, ‘To kill a mockingbird’, directed by Robert Mulligan, follows the tale of Atticus Finch, a lawyer, who defends a black man against fabricated rape chargesRead More12 Angry Men - Analysis3445 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction 12 Angry Men (1957) is one of the most acclaimed feature films of all time. It was produced at a time when the United States was just twelve years out of World War II and â€Å"Leave It To Beaver† and â€Å"Father Knows Best† broadcast across television airwaves the perfection, conformity and affluence of American life that had been generated by the Great War. Additionally, this film was listed on the university syllabus as one of three films to see in regard to this course, Management 610 – ContextsRead MoreUse of Persuasive Argument in 12 Angry Men Essay1037 Words   |  5 PagesThe movie â€Å"12 Angry Men† examines the dynamics at play in a United States jury room in the 1950’s. It revolves around the opinions and mindsets of twelve diverse characters that are tasked with pronouncing the guilt or innocence of a young man accused of patricide. The extraordinary element is that their finding will determine his life or death. This play was made in to a movie in 1957, produced by Henry Fonda who played the lead role, Juror #8, and Reginald Rose who wrote the original screenplayRead More15. . . . . Womanism Vs Feminism . Tessa King. Evans High4725 Words   |  19 Pageswith their sexuality because of psychological issues and habits passed down from one generation to the next. They think they have to look or dress a certain way to get acknowledged by the ‘right’ group of people. Also, the same derogatory names black men and women were being called back then, are the same names they are being called today. It’s like a cycle. Some of us weren’t taught to love ourselves or our people, we just fall into this unbreakable chain of talking down on each other, which makesRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesManager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Christian Holdener, S4Carlis le Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing

Consumer Behavior Free Essays

2. What is the basic difference between a fad, a fashion, a classic, and a trend? Provide example of each. A fashion refers to a style that is accepted by a large group of people at a given time such as skinny jeans. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some styles become classics, which are styles that become acceptable and in good taste anytime and place such as the classic black dress. A fad is a short lived fashion that suddenly becomes popular and quickly disappears; generally it only affects a specific group of the population such as low rise jeans wore by juniors. A trend is a general direction or movement as a style begins to be accepted such as the revival of high-waist jeans made from a light denim which also were worn in the 60-70s. 11. State some differences between the positivist and interpretivist approaches to consumer research. For each type of inquiry give examples of product dimensions what would be more usefully explored using that type of research over the other. Positivist assume the nature of reality is objective, tangible, and single, while the interprevisit believe that nature of reality is socially constructed and multiple, this should be used with products that are socially minded and include interactions based on technology such as social networking. Positivist have a goal of prediction which is good when trying to create trend reports and in the process of product development, while interpretivist goal is of understanding, this would be most useful when analyzing behavior toward products already on the market. . What is the difference between an enacted norm and a crescive norm? Identify the set of crescive norms operating when a man and a woman in your culture go out for dinner on a first date. What would they wear? An enacted norm are explicitly decided upon while crescive norms are embedded in a culture and are only discovered through interaction with other members’ of the culture. When a young man and woman go out on a first date, if they are both from the same culture then they are following crescive norms, because they are both following the norms which are accepted within their given culture. If they are both from completely different cultures, then they would be operating on enacted norms. What they would wear would be determined based upon what is accepted in their culture as appropriate wear for the occasion. 3. Read the Article â€Å" Body Ritual Among the Nacirema† and discuss what is going on. How to cite Consumer Behavior, Papers Consumer Behavior Free Essays string(72) " and they put on funny little skits when they are waiting on customers\." Chapter 01 Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategy Multiple Choice Questions 1. Why is China very attractive to marketers around the world? A. because it represents a collective approach to marketing in contrast to the traditional individualist approach used in the United States and other western cultures B. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chinese consumers are very brand loyal C. they are the heaviest users of the Internet D. Chinese teens are easier to understand because they are less â€Å"trendy† than teenagers from other countries E. because of its massive population, rising income, and emerging youth market . _____ is the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. A. Marketing B. Consumer behavior C. Psychographics D. Demographics E. Psychology 3. One primary function of Harriet’s job is to study individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of her company’s products and services to satisfy needs and the impacts that hese processes have on the consumer and society. Harriet works in the field of _____. A. social psychology B. cognitive psycho logy C. management D. consumer behavior E. organizational behavior 4. Which of the following is NOT true regarding consumer behavior? A. Organizations are applying theories and information about consumer behavior on a daily basis. B. It is often necessary to conduct research. C. Consumer behavior is a complex, multidimensional process. D. The overall model of consumer behavior presented in the text is accurate in predicting consumer behavior. E. Marketing practices designed to influence consumer behavior involve ethical issues that affect the firm, the individual, and society. 5. Which of the following is a key aspect regarding consumer behavior? A. Organizations are applying theories and information about consumer behavior on a daily basis. B. It is often necessary to conduct research. C. Consumer behavior is a complex, multidimensional process. D. Marketing practices designed to influence consumer behavior involve ethical issues that affect the firm, the individual, and society. E. all of the above 6. Which of the following is NOT an application of consumer behavior? A. marketing strategy B. human resource management C. regulatory policy D. informed consumers E. social marketing 7. Thomas wants to gain a usable understanding of consumer behavior in order to help him become a more effective marketing manager. Which application of consumer behavior does this represent? A. marketing strategy B. regulatory policy C. social marketing D. informed consumers E. resource management 8. _____ is the application of marketing strategies and tactics to alter or create behaviors that have a positive effect on the targeted individuals or society as a whole. A. Social marketing B. Consumer behavior C. Regulation D. Proactive marketing E. Ethical marketing 9. Mia is concerned how her marketing activities will affect individual consumers as well as society at large. Mia is implementing _____. A. conscientious marketing B. regulated marketing C. ethical marketing D. proactive marketing E. social marketing 10. Most economically developed societies are legitimately referred to as _____ societies. A. marketing B. proactive C. consumption D. competitive E. enhanced 11. Which of the following is used by firms to influence consumers? A. ads B. ackages C. store environments D. sales pitches E. all of the above 12. To survive in a competitive environment, an organization must provide its target customers more _____ than is provided to them by its competition. A. product B. service C. value D. feedback E. attention 13. The difference between all the benefits derived from a total product and all the costs of acquiring those benefits is known as _____ . A. price B. position C. consumer behavior D. customer value E. equity 14. Laurie saved for six months to have enough money to buy a new designer outfit to wear to a special party. She had to travel to a larger city to purchase this outfit, but it was worth it to her because it made her feel beautiful and confident. The difference between the benefits Laurie perceived from this purchase and the cost to her to acquire these benefits describes her _____. A. consumer behavior B. customer value C. motivation D. equity difference E. perceptual field 15. It is critical that a firm consider value from which perspective? A. the competition’s B. the firm’s C. the customer’s D. the government’s E. the industry’s 16. How can an organization provide superior customer value to customers? A. y conducting market research B. by offering their products at the lowest price C. by offering extended warranty coverage on products D. by doing a better job of anticipating and reacting to customer needs than the competition does E. by offering more variations of a product 17. Marketing strategy begins with _____. A. market segmentation B. targeting C. conducting an outcomes assessment D. objective setting E. conducting a market analysis 18. Harold is tasked with developing the marketing strategy for his family’s business. What should he do first? A. segment the market B. conduct a market analysis C. ecide on which segments to target D. develop the marketing mix E. set objectives 19. Marketing strategy is formulated in terms of the marketing mix; that is, it involves determining the product, features, price, communications, distribution, and services that will provide customers with superior value. This entire set of characteristics is often referred to as the _____. A. total product B. customer value C. offering D. value proposition E. total value 20. Disney World in Orlando, FL has several theme parks, resorts, restaurants, and stores. Each is intentionally created to offer a memorable event for visitors. For example, the Wilderness Lodge is a large resort hotel on the grounds, and everything within it is made to look like log cabins and pioneer days. Even the casual restaurant has the wait staff dressed in pioneer costumes, and they put on funny little skits when they are waiting on customers. You read "Consumer Behavior" in category "Essay examples" Which of the following best describes what Disney is selling? A. a product B. a service C. a bundled product D. a bundled service E. an experience 21. _____ are small, convenient, open-air retailing complexes laid out to evoke the small-town shopping districts of previous generations. A. Malls B. Kiosks C. Town centers D. Lifestyle centers E. Micro-malls 22. Which of the following is a component of a market analysis? A. market segmentation B. objectives C. conditions D. price E. all of the above 23. Darren is conducting a market analysis for his business, and he has asked your advice on what he should be analyzing. Which of the following should he consider at this step of marketing strategy development? A. the company’s own ability to meet customer needs B. competitors’ capabilities and strategies C. consumers’ needs D. conditions in the market E. all of the above 24. Jamie is developing a thorough understanding of his company’s own capabilities, the capabilities of current and future competitors, the consumption process of potential customers, and the economic, physical, and technological environment in which these elements interact. Which step in the marketing strategy process is Jamie performing? A. setting objectives B. segmenting the market C. conducting a market analysis D. assessing the outcomes E. targeting the market 25. Which of the following aspects is evaluated when determining a firm’s ability to meet customer needs? A. financial condition B. general managerial skills C. roduction capabilities D. technological sophistication E. all of the above 26. Which of the following is NOT evaluated when analyzing a company’s own ability to meet customer needs? A. competitors B. financial strengths C. general managerial skills D. production capabilities E. reputation 27. As part of developing your company’s marketing s trategy, you are tasked with analyzing the new-product capabilities, channel strength, advertising abilities, service capabilities, marketing research abilities, and market and consumer knowledge. Which aspect of your company’s capabilities are you assessing? A. financial strength B. marketing skills C. general managerial skills D. production capabilities E. reputation 28. A portion of a larger market whose needs differ somewhat from the larger market is referred to as a(n) _____. A. market segment B. niche C. subgroup D. ancillary market E. secondary market 29. Smaller women like to purchase fashionable clothes just as much as any women. However, most clothes are not proportioned for their smaller size and do not fit well. As a result, several manufacturers offer â€Å"petite† sizes of clothing for this group of consumers. Women who comprise this group have needs that differ somewhat from the total market and represent a _____. A. demographic segment B. lifestyle segment C. market potential D. sub-market E. market segment 30. Tracking consumers’ online activity and delivering specific banner ads based on that activity is known as _____. A. clickstream B. blogging C. spam D. behavioral targeting E. electronic targeting 31. Tacoda Systems tracks consumers’ online activity and delivers specific banners based on that activity. This tracking and ad delivery system has been installed on almost 3,000 Web sites, and advertisers pay on a pay-for-performance basis, which means that advertisers pay Tacoda Systems only when a consumer clicks on their ad. The tracking of online activity and delivery of ads based on that activity is called _____. A. click-throughs B. behavioral targeting C. spamming D. blogging E. cookie targeting 32. What is the first step in market segmentation? A. describe each group B. group customers with similar needs sets C. identify product-related need sets D. select an attractive segment to serve E. set objectives for segmenting 33. What is the LAST step in market segmentation? A. describing each group B. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve C. identifying product-related need sets D. grouping customers with similar need sets E. eciding the segmenting scheme 34. Which of the following is NOT a step in market segmentation? A. set budget B. identify product-related need sets C. group customers with similar need sets D. describe each group E. select an attractive segment(s) to serve 35. Carlos is attempting to segment the market for his company’s products. Where should he begin? A. set objectives B . identify product-related need sets C. group customers with similar need sets D. describe each group E. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve 36. Which term reflects the fact that most products in developed economies satisfy more than one need? A. multiplicity B. duplicity C. need array D. need set E. value proposition 37. Barry is looking for a car that is dependable yet stylish enough to let others know that he has achieved a respectable status in his life and career. He also wants it to be a high-performance automobile. Dependability, status, and performance represent Barry’s _____. A. self-image B. need set C. alter ego D. unarticulated needs E. lifestyle 38. Which of the following is used to describe a group of consumers with similar needs sets? A. demographics B. lifestyles C. media usage D. a and b E. a, b, and c 39. Talbot’s is a women’s clothing store that offers classic fashions at a slightly premium price (i. e. , a wool skirt typically costs over $100). During the process of market segmentation, Talbot’s identified a group of consumers who are larger than average women yet still want stylish clothing. Further research into this segment revealed that these women tend to be between the ages of 35 and 50, are career-oriented, have a household income over $50,000, and are married with children under the age of 18 living at home. This group is also heavy users of magazines and newspapers as well as prime-time television. Which step of market segmentation does this describe? A. identifying product-related need sets B. grouping customer with similar need sets C. describing each group D. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve E. profiling current customers 40. The segment(s) within the larger market on which an organization will focus its marketing effort is referred to as the _____. A. need set B. target market C. customer set D. strategic market E. primary market 41. J Produce is a distributor of fresh produce. They conducted a thorough analysis of its market and identified groups of consumers that had similar product-related needs. One particular market identified wanted fresh and unique produce, such as Swiss chard, radicchio, and exotic fruits, and they were willing to pay higher prices for these choices. J Produce decided to focus its marketing effort on this segment of the total market. This segment is J’s _____. A. need set B. primary market C. customer set D. target market E. market focus 42. Which of the following is used to evaluate the attractiveness of various market segments? A. segment size B. distribution available C. fit with company image D. cost to serve E. all of the above 43. Juan has segmented the market for boats and is currently analyzing each with respect to several factors, such as size, growth rate, competitor strength, fit with company image, distribution available, cost to serve, and risk before deciding which segment to target. Which step of market segmentation is Juan conducting? A. identifying product-related need sets B. grouping customer with similar need sets C. describing each group D. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve E. profiling current customers 44. The product, price, communications, distribution, and services provided to the target market is referred to as the _____. A. need set B. marketing mix C. marketing set D. decision set E. value proposition 45. Which of the following is part of the marketing mix? A. product B. price C. communications D. distribution E. all of the above 46. A(n) _____ is anything a consumer acquires or might acquire to meet a perceived need. A. satisfier B. end state C. product D. value proposition E. outcome 47. To be successful, a product must _____. A. meet the needs of the target market better than the competition does B. be lower priced than competitors’ products C. be of higher quality than competitors’ products D. be advertised more than competitors’ products E. have greater distribution than the competition does 48. _____ include(s) advertising, the sales force, public relations, packaging, and any other signal that the firm provides about itself and its products. A. Value promotions B. Brand equity C. Distribution D. Market segmentation E. Marketing communications 49. Which of the following is included in marketing communications? A. advertising B. sales force C. public relations D. packaging E. all of the above 50. Which of the following is NOT a critical question for developing marketing communications? A. Who do we want to communicate with? B. What effect do we want to have? C. What message will achieve the desired result? D. What media should we use? E. all of the above are critical questions 51. _____ is the amount of money one must pay to obtain the right to use the product. A. Consumer cost B. Total cost C. Price D. Value E. Customer value 52. Amy purchased a new 32†³ LCD high-definition television and paid $1,999 for it. This amount of money Amy had to pay to obtain this product is known as the _____. A. total cost B. value C. value proposition D. price E. consumer cost 53. _____ is everything the consumer must surrender in order to receive the benefits of owning/using the product. A. Value B. Consumer cost C. Price D. Opportunity cost E. Value proposition 54. Timothy and his wife are considering the purchase of a new car. In addition to the price, they are also considering the cost of insurance, gasoline, maintenance, finance charges, and license fees. All of these factors combined represent the _____. A. value B. price C. opportunity cost D. consumer cost E. value proposition 55. Which element of the marketing mix is concerned with having the product available where target customers can buy it? A. product B. price C. distribution D. communications E. placement 56. Tony’s job entails making sure his company’s products get to retailers so that target customers can buy them. Which element of the marketing mix is Tony involved with? A. product B. price C. distribution D. communications E. placement 57. Auxiliary or peripheral activities that are performed to enhance the primary product or primary service is referred to as _____. A. service B. supplemental product C. intangible benefits D. secondary product E. ancillary attributes 58. Which of the following is NOT considered one of the firm’s outcomes of the marketing strategy and consumer behavior process? A. product position B. ustomer satisfaction C. service D. sales and profits E. all of the above are considered outcomes for the firm 59. An image of the product or brand in the consumer’s mind relative to competing products and brands is referred to as the product’s _____. A. equity B. extension C. message D. placement E. position 60. A product’s positio n refers to _____. A. its shelf location in retail stores B. an image of the product in the consumer’s mind relative to competing products C. its price relative to other products in the firm’s product line D. its price relative to competitors’ products E. its stage in the product development process 1. Rod is surveying consumers to gain a better understanding of his restaurant’s image relative to competing restaurants. Rod is concerned with his restaurant’s _____. A. position B. equity C. placement D. driver E. satisfaction index 62. Which outcome of marketing strategy produces the revenue necessary for the firm to continue in business? A. customer satisfaction B. product position C. consumption D. social welfare E. sales and profits 63. John purchases and is satisfied with his SUV because he believes that it provides greater crash safety than a sedan even though this is not technically true. John’s satisfaction is based on the distinction between _____. A. primary need fulfillment and secondary need fulfillment B. actual need fulfillment and perceived need fulfillment C. initial need fulfillment and repeat need fulfillment D. articulated need fulfillment and unarticulated need fulfillment E. attribute fulfillment and benefit fulfillment 64. _____ occurs when individuals or groups make consumption decisions that have negative consequence for their long-run well-being. A. Disintermediation B. Conspicuous consumption C. Disenfranchisement D. Injurious consumption E. Demarketing 65. Bob and his friends go out every weekend and drink until they get drunk. Then they drive home in that condition. Which type of consumption does this represent? A. injurious consumption B. severe consumption C. conspicuous consumption D. unethical consumption E. anti-social consumption 66. Which of the following is a societal outcome of marketing strategy and consumer behavior? A. sales B. need satisfaction C. social welfare D. customer satisfaction E. product position 67. Which of the following is NOT a societal outcome of marketing strategy and consumer behavior? A. economic outcomes B. ustomer satisfaction C. physical environment outcomes D. social welfare E. all of the above are societal outcomes 68. Which is NOT a step in the consumer’s decision process? A. information search B. postpurchase processes C. problem recognition D. alternative evaluation and selection E. self-concept analysis 69. Which of the following is an internal influence on consumer behavior? A. culture B . family C. attitudes D. marketing activities E. reference groups 70. Which is NOT an external influence on consumer behavior? A. culture B. family C. social status D. perception E. marketing activities 71. Teresa is trying to understand her customers better. She is examining the external influences that shape her customers’ self-concepts and lifestyles. Which of the following is a possible external influence Teresa could examine? A. motives B. personality C. perception D. attitudes E. culture 72. Liz Claiborne is a brand of clothing, accessories, and home products. Brand managers at this company are trying to learn which internal influences impact their customers’ needs and desires most. Which of the following is a possible internal influence these managers should examine? A. culture B. personality C. demographics D. family E. social status 73. What is the first step in the consumer decision process? A. problem recognition B. budget setting C. information search D. outlet selection E. alternative evaluation and selection 74. Which of the following statements is true regarding the overall model of consumer behavior? A. It is sufficiently detailed so as to predict particular behaviors. B. Family and culture are internal influences on consumer behavior. C. Personality, emotions, and attitudes represent external influences on consumer behavior. D. A consumer’s self-concept and lifestyle influence his or her needs and desires. E. Experiences and acquisitions have little effect on the process. 75. The totality of an individual’s thoughts and feelings about him- or herself is known as _____. A. lifestyle B. self-concept C. internal influences D. external influences E. consumption outcomes 76. _____ represents how one lives, including the products one buys, how one uses them, what one thinks about them, and how one feels about them. A. Lifestyle B. Self-concept C. Position D. Status E. Social class 77. Which type of decisions involve very little effort or thought on the part of the consumer? A. rimary decisions B. top-of-mind decisions C. low-involvement decisions D. automatic decisions E. self-related decisions 78. Karen was at the checkout at the grocery store and remembered that she was out of chewing gum that she normally likes to keep in her purse. Without much thought, she grabbed two packages of the gum she likes. What type of consumer decision does this illustration? A. primary decision B. top- of-mind decision C. low-involvement decision D. automatic decision E. self-related decision 79. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the working poor? A. They are forced to spend a disproportionate percentage of their income on housing, utilities, and medical care. B. They generally rely on public transportation. C. They spend a larger portion of their relatively small incomes on meals away from home. D. They spend very little on their own financial security. E. They spend the same percent of their income as do higher income consumers on apparel and accessories. 80. What does the consumption of a product like Nikes mean to Andre, the working poor consumer discussed in the â€Å"Consumer Insight†? A. that he can afford a brand that is superior in meeting his physical needs B. is peers will now accept him C. they serve as a visible symbol that he is back as a successful member of society D. he peers will try to be more like him E. they serve as a reminder of what he used to have True / False Questions 81. Consumer behavior is a complex, multidimensional process. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 82. Marketing decisions and regulations ar e based on exact knowledge of consumer behavior. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 83. Economically developed societies are often referred to as marketing societies. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 84. It is critical that a firm consider value from the customer’s perspective. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 85. Marketing strategy begins with objective setting. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 86. Product features, price, communications, distribution, and services together are often referred to as customer value. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 87. Small, convenient, open-air retailing complexes are called town centers. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 88. Marketing skills include a firm’s financial expertise, general managerial skills, production capabilities, research and development capabilities, technological sophistication, and reputation. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 89. Tracking consumers’ online activity and sending them specific banner ads based on that activity is known as behavioral targeting. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 90. The term used to reflect the fact that most products in developed economies satisfy more than one need is customer value. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 91. A target market is that segment(s) of the larger market on which a company will focus its marketing effort. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 92. The outcomes of a firm’s marketing strategy are determined by its interaction with the consumer decision process. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 93. Two key processes involved in need satisfaction are the actual need fulfillment and the perceived need fulfillment. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 94. A consumer’s needs and desires are shaped by his or her self-concept and lifestyle. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 95. Lifestyle is the totality of an individual’s thoughts and feelings about him- or herself. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False Essay Questions 96. Describe the field of consumer behavior, and discuss the four key aspects of consumer behavior that make it an important area of study. 97. List and briefly describe applications of consumer behavior. 98. List and briefly describe the four steps involved in market segmentation. 99. Briefly describe the outcomes of marketing strategy for the firm, consumers, and society. 100. Alex is developing the marketing strategy for a brand of men’s clothing. Before he develops his strategy, Alex will conduct research to better understand his customers. Briefly describe a conceptual model that includes the factors he should consider in his research. Chapter 01 Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategy Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 5)  Why is China very attractive to marketers around the world? A. because it represents a collective approach to marketing in contrast to the traditional individualist approach used in the United States and other western cultures B. Chinese consumers are very brand loyal C. they are the heaviest users of the Internet D. Chinese teens are easier to understand because they are less â€Å"trendy† than teenagers from other countries E. because of its massive population, rising income, and emerging youth market Difficulty: moderate 2. (p. 6)  _____ is the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. A. Marketing B. Consumer behavior C. Psychographics D. Demographics E. Psychology Difficulty: easy 3. (p. )  One primary function of Harriet’s job is to study individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of her company’s products and services to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. Harriet works in the field of _____. A. social psychology B. cognitive psychology C. management D. consum er behavior E. organizational behavior Difficulty: easy 4. (p. 7)  Which of the following is NOT true regarding consumer behavior? A. Organizations are applying theories and information about consumer behavior on a daily basis. B. It is often necessary to conduct research. C. Consumer behavior is a complex, multidimensional process. D. The overall model of consumer behavior presented in the text is accurate in predicting consumer behavior. E. Marketing practices designed to influence consumer behavior involve ethical issues that affect the firm, the individual, and society. Difficulty: hard 5. (p. 7)  Which of the following is a key aspect regarding consumer behavior? A. Organizations are applying theories and information about consumer behavior on a daily basis. B. It is often necessary to conduct research. C. Consumer behavior is a complex, multidimensional process. D. Marketing practices designed to influence consumer behavior involve ethical issues that affect the firm, the individual, and society. E. all of the above Difficulty: easy 6. (p. 9-11)  Which of the following is NOT an application of consumer behavior? A. marketing strategy B. human resource management C. regulatory policy D. informed consumers E. social marketing Difficulty: moderate 7. (p. 9)  Thomas wants to gain a usable understanding of consumer behavior in order to help him become a more effective marketing manager. Which application of consumer behavior does this represent? A. marketing strategy B. regulatory policy C. social marketing D. informed consumers E. resource management Difficulty: moderate 8. (p. 10)  _____ is the application of marketing strategies and tactics to alter or create behaviors that have a positive effect on the targeted individuals or society as a whole. A. Social marketing B. Consumer behavior C. Regulation D. Proactive marketing E. Ethical marketing Difficulty: moderate 9. (p. 10)  Mia is concerned how her marketing activities will affect individual consumers as well as society at large. Mia is implementing _____. A. conscientious marketing B. regulated marketing C. ethical marketing D. proactive marketing E. social marketing Difficulty: moderate 10. (p. 10)  Most economically developed societies are legitimately referred to as _____ societies. A. marketing B. proactive C. consumption D. competitive E. enhanced Difficulty: moderate 11. (p. 11)  Which of the following is used by firms to influence consumers? A. ads B. packages C. store environments D. sales pitches E. all of the above Difficulty: easy 12. (p. 11)  To survive in a competitive environment, an organization must provide its target customers more _____ than is provided to them by its competition. A. product B. service C. value D. feedback E. attention Difficulty: moderate 13. (p. 11)  The difference between all the benefits derived from a total product and all the costs of acquiring those benefits is known as _____. A. price B. position C. consumer behavior D. customer value E. equity Difficulty: moderate 14. (p. 11)  Laurie saved for six months to have enough money to buy a new designer outfit to wear to a special party. She had to travel to a larger city to purchase this outfit, but it was worth it to her because it made her feel beautiful and confident. The difference between the benefits Laurie perceived from this purchase and the cost to her to acquire these benefits describes her _____. A. consumer behavior B. customer value C. motivation D. equity difference E. perceptual field Difficulty: hard 15. (p. 11)  It is critical that a firm consider value from which perspective? A. the competition’s B. the firm’s C. the customer’s D. the government’s E. the industry’s Difficulty: easy 16. (p. 11)  How can an organization provide superior customer value to customers? A. by conducting market research B. by offering their products at the lowest price C. y offering extended warranty coverage on products D. by doing a better job of anticipating and reacting to customer needs than the competition does E. by offering more variations of a product Difficulty: hard 17. (p. 11)  Marketing strategy begins with _____. A. market segmentation B. targeting C. conducting an outcomes assessment D. objective setti ng E. conducting a market analysis Difficulty: moderate 18. (p. 11)  Harold is tasked with developing the marketing strategy for his family’s business. What should he do first? A. segment the market B. conduct a market analysis C. decide on which segments to target D. evelop the marketing mix E. set objectives Difficulty: moderate 19. (p. 12)  Marketing strategy is formulated in terms of the marketing mix; that is, it involves determining the product, features, price, communications, distribution, and services that will provide customers with superior value. This entire set of characteristics is often referred to as the _____. A. total product B. customer value C. offering D. value proposition E. total value Difficulty: moderate 20. (p. 13)  Disney World in Orlando, FL has several theme parks, resorts, restaurants, and stores. Each is intentionally created to offer a memorable event for visitors. For example, the Wilderness Lodge is a large resort hotel on the grounds, and everything within it is made to look like log cabins and pioneer days. Even the casual restaurant has the wait staff dressed in pioneer costumes, and they put on funny little skits when they are waiting on customers. Which of the following best describes what Disney is selling? A. a product B. a service C. a bundled product D. a bundled service E. an experience Difficulty: hard 21. (p. 14)  _____ are small, convenient, open-air retailing complexes laid out to evoke the small-town shopping districts of previous generations. A. Malls B. Kiosks C. Town centers D. Lifestyle centers E. Micro-malls Difficulty: hard 22. (p. 14-16)  Which of the following is a component of a market analysis? A. market segmentation B. objectives C. conditions D. price E. all of the above Difficulty: moderate 23. (p. 14-16)  Darren is conducting a market analysis for his business, and he has asked your advice on what he should be analyzing. Which of the following should he consider at this step of marketing strategy development? A. the company’s own ability to meet customer needs B. competitors’ capabilities and strategies C. consumers’ needs D. conditions in the market E. all of the above Difficulty: moderate 4. (p. 14)  Jamie is developing a thorough understanding of his company’s own capabilities, the capabilities of current and future competitors, the consumption process of potential customers, and the economic, physical, and technological environment in which these elements interact. Which step in the marketing strategy proc ess is Jamie performing? A. setting objectives B. segmenting the market C. conducting a market analysis D. assessing the outcomes E. targeting the market Difficulty: moderate 25. (p. 15)  Which of the following aspects is evaluated when determining a firm’s ability to meet customer needs? A. financial condition B. general managerial skills C. production capabilities D. technological sophistication E. all of the above Difficulty: easy 26. (p. 15)  Which of the following is NOT evaluated when analyzing a company’s own ability to meet customer needs? A. competitors B. financial strengths C. general managerial skills D. production capabilities E. reputation Difficulty: moderate 27. (p. 15)  As part of developing your company’s marketing strategy, you are tasked with analyzing the new-product capabilities, channel strength, advertising abilities, service capabilities, marketing research abilities, and market and consumer knowledge. Which aspect of your company’s capabilities are you assessing? A. financial strength B. marketing skills C. general managerial skills D. production capabilities E. reputation Difficulty: easy 28. (p. 16)  A portion of a larger market whose needs differ somewhat from the larger market is referred to as a(n) _____. A. market segment B. niche C. subgroup D. ancillary market E. secondary market Difficulty: moderate 29. (p. 16)  Smaller women like to purchase fashionable clothes just as much as any women. However, most clothes are not proportioned for their smaller size and do not fit well. As a result, several manufacturers offer â€Å"petite† sizes of clothing for this group of consumers. Women who comprise this group have needs that differ somewhat from the total market and represent a _____. A. demographic segment B. lifestyle segment C. market potential D. sub-market E. market segment Difficulty: hard 30. (p. 16)  Tracking consumers’ online activity and delivering specific banner ads based on that activity is known as _____. A. clickstream B. blogging C. spam D. behavioral targeting E. electronic targeting Difficulty: moderate 31. (p. 6)  Tacoda Systems tracks consumers’ online activity and delivers specific banners based on that activity. This tracking and ad delivery system has been installed on almost 3,000 Web sites, and advertisers pay on a pay-for-performance basis, which means that advertisers pay Tacoda Systems only when a consumer clicks on their ad. The tracking of online activity and delivery of ads based on that activity is call ed _____. A. click-throughs B. behavioral targeting C. spamming D. blogging E. cookie targeting Difficulty: hard 32. (p. 16)  What is the first step in market segmentation? A. escribe each group B. group customers with similar needs sets C. identify product-related need sets D. select an attractive segment to serve E. set objectives for segmenting Difficulty: moderate 33. (p. 16)  What is the LAST step in market segmentation? A. describing each group B. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve C. identifying product-related need sets D. grouping customers with similar need sets E. deciding the segmenting scheme Difficulty: moderate 34. (p. 16)  Which of the following is NOT a step in market segmentation? A. set budget B. identify product-related need sets C. roup customers with similar need sets D. describe each group E. select an attractive segment(s) to serve Difficulty: hard 35. (p. 16)  Carlos is attempting to segment the market for his company’s products. Wher e should he begin? A. set objectives B. identify product-related need sets C. group customers with similar need sets D. describe each group E. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve Difficulty: hard 36. (p. 16)  Which term reflects the fact that most products in developed economies satisfy more than one need? A. multiplicity B. duplicity C. need array D. need set E. value proposition Difficulty: moderate 37. (p. 16-17)  Barry is looking for a car that is dependable yet stylish enough to let others know that he has achieved a respectable status in his life and career. He also wants it to be a high-performance automobile. Dependability, status, and performance represent Barry’s _____. A. self-image B. need set C. alter ego D. unarticulated needs E. lifestyle Difficulty: hard 38. (p. 18)  Which of the following is used to describe a group of consumers with similar needs sets? A. demographics B. lifestyles C. media usage D. a and b E. a, b, and c Difficulty: moderate 39. (p. 8)  Talbot’s is a women’s clothing store that offers classic fashions at a slightly premium price (i. e. , a wool skirt typically costs over $100). During the process of market segmentation, Talbot’s identified a group of consumers who are larger than average women yet still want stylish clothing. Further research into this segment revealed that these women tend to be between the ages of 35 and 50, are career-oriented, have a household income over $50,000, and are married with children under the age of 18 living at home. This group is also heavy users of magazines and newspapers as well as prime-time television. Which step of market segmentation does this describe? A. identifying product-related need sets B. grouping customer with similar need sets C. describing each group D. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve E. profiling current customers Difficulty: moderate 40. (p. 18)  The segment(s) within the larger market on which an organization will focus its marketing effort is referred to as the _____. A. need set B. target market C. customer set D. strategic market E. primary market Difficulty: easy 41. (p. 18)  JJ Produce is a distributor of fresh produce. They conducted a thorough analysis of its market and identified groups of consumers that had similar product-related needs. One particular market identified wanted fresh and unique produce, such as Swiss chard, radicchio, and exotic fruits, and they were willing to pay higher prices for these choices. JJ Produce decided to focus its marketing effort on this segment of the total market. This segment is JJ’s _____. A. need set B. primary market C. customer set D. target market E. market focus Difficulty: moderate 42. (p. 18-19)  Which of the following is used to evaluate the attractiveness of various market segments? A. segment size B. distribution available C. fit with company image D. cost to serve E. all of the above Difficulty: easy 43. (p. 18-19)  Juan has segmented the market for boats and is currently analyzing each with respect to several factors, such as size, growth rate, competitor strength, fit with company image, distribution available, cost to serve, and risk before deciding which segment to target. Which step of market segmentation is Juan conducting? A. identifying product-related need sets B. grouping customer with similar need sets C. describing each group D. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve E. rofiling current customers Difficulty: hard 44. (p. 19)  The product, price, communications, distribution, and services provided to the target market is referred to as the _____. A. need set B. marketing mix C. marketing set D. decision set E. value proposition Difficulty: easy 45. (p. 19)  Which of the following is part of the marketing mix? A. product B. price C. commun ications D. distribution E. all of the above Difficulty: easy 46. (p. 19)  A(n) _____ is anything a consumer acquires or might acquire to meet a perceived need. A. satisfier B. end state C. product D. value proposition E. outcome Difficulty: moderate 7. (p. 20)  To be successful, a product must _____. A. meet the needs of the target market better than the competition does B. be lower priced than competitors’ products C. be of higher quality than competitors’ products D. be advertised more than competitors’ products E. have greater distribution than the competition does Difficulty: easy 48. (p. 20)  _____ include(s) advertising, the sales force, public relations, packaging, and any other signal that the firm provides about itself and its products. A. Value promotions B. Brand equity C. Distribution D. Market segmentation E. Marketing communications Difficulty: easy 9. (p. 20)  Which of the following is included in marketing communications? A. advertising B. sales force C. public relations D. packaging E. all of the above Difficulty: easy 50. (p. 20-21)  Which of the following is NOT a critical question for developing marketing communications? A. Who do we want to communicate with? B. What effect do we want to have? C. What message will achieve the desired result? D. What media should we use? E. all of the above are critical questions Difficulty: moderate 51. (p. 21)  _____ is the amount of money one must pay to obtain the right to use the product. A. Consumer cost B. Total cost C. Price D. Value E. Customer value Difficulty: easy 52. (p. 21)  Amy purchased a new 32†³ LCD high-definition television and paid $1,999 for it. This amount of money Amy had to pay to obtain this product is known as the _____. A. total cost B. value C. value proposition D. price E. consumer cost Difficulty: moderate 53. (p. 22)  _____ is everything the consumer must surrender in order to receive the benefits of owning/using the product. A. Value B. Consumer cost C. Price D. Opportunity cost E. Value proposition Difficulty: moderate 54. (p. 22)  Timothy and his wife are considering the purchase of a new car. In addition to the price, they are also considering the cost of insurance, gasoline, maintenance, finance charges, and license fees. All of these factors combined represent the _____. A. value B. price C. opportunity cost D. consumer cost E. value proposition Difficulty: moderate 55. (p. 22)  Which element of the marketing mix is concerned with having the product available where target customers can buy it? A. product B. price C. distribution D. communications E. placement Difficulty: easy 56. (p. 22)  Tony’s job entails making sure his company’s products get to retailers so that target customers can buy them. Which element of the marketing mix is Tony involved with? A. product B. price C. distribution D. communications E. placement Difficulty: moderate 57. (p. 22)  Auxiliary or peripheral activities that are performed to enhance the primary product or primary service is referred to as _____. A. service B. supplemental product C. intangible benefits D. secondary product E. ancillary attributes Difficulty: moderate 58. (p. 23)  Which of the following is NOT considered one of the firm’s outcomes of the marketing strategy and consumer behavior process? A. product position B. customer satisfaction C. service How to cite Consumer Behavior, Essay examples

TITLE Essay Summary Example For Students

TITLE Essay Summary When faced with interviewing a person about how he or she sees God and experiences Him, several people came to mind. The person I chose is my soon to be mother-in-law, Linda Barritt. As long as Ive known her, the love of God has shown through her and has been a tremendous influence on mine and many others lives. She was raised from birth in a Christian home, one of eight children. Her father was a preacher for as long as she could remember. Each opportunity her father got he would pile all eight children, plus he and his wife, into one car and travel hundreds of miles to preach the word of God. In this, her father taught her to be a servant of God and to trust God in all situations, big or small. Since the age of eleven, she has served Christ through her musical gifts and influenced others as musical leader to do the same. She got married at the age of sixteen to a young man of only nineteen years old, who was already pastoring his first church. Together they bore three children, whom they also raised to know Christ. Now they have two grandchildren and another one on the way. They have faith in their children that they will raise their grandchildren in a Christian home, learning to love Christ as their personal Savior.Before I decided to interview her, I thought of what her answers may be. Although I knew of her love for Christ, I wanted to know about her personal experience of God in a deeper sense. She told of one particular incident she recalled from the winter of 1978. It was a rainy night and she, her husband, and her three children were traveling home from St. Louis in a borrowed truck. They had all of their earthly possessions, including their car, in the back of this truck. Suddenly the truck started sliding from one side of the road to the other, and all Mrs. Barritt could say was Jesus, Jesus. The truck suddenly straightened back onto the road, and the entire family and all their possessions were saved from a possibly tragic ending. She had no doubt in her mind that the hand of God sheltered her family during this experience. She revealed to me that this was only one example of the many times that God revealed His miraculous power in her life. I went on to ask Mrs. Barritt how she got to know God and what her relationship was with Him now. She enthusiastically recalled, As a child my father was a minister and I heard the Gospel all my life. I decided at the age of seven or eight years old to dedicate my life to the Lord and to never turn away from Him. Today, she says that she has a very personal relationship with God that involves an intimate, one-on-one communication with Him, although she knows that there is definitely room for improvement on her part in her communication with the Lord. She said, I know there are days that go by that I dont talk to God as much as I should, but I just try to do better the next day.As I asked her what she thought would happen to her after death, a slight smile graced her face. She said, Ill be in a resting place until His Second Coming, and then God will send his Son to take me into His presence. There, I will spend eternity with Him. I will never have to cry again because there wont be any more sorrow or pain. Im looking forward to it. She said the one thing she would ask God when she got to heaven was, Why do good people suffer? This is something she never has understood, but she acknowledged, God has a reason for allowing the good people in this world to face hardship and pain.

Battle of the ants Essays - Civil Disobedience,

same time, however, Thoreau also personifies the ants by comparing them to humans, and their battles to the battles of the ancient Greeks and Trojans. By making what is such a seemingly ridiculous comparison Thoreau shows the true disdain he has for human wars. Thoreau describes in great detail how at one point, to more closely study the battle, he takes a woodchip that held three of the ant combatants. At the end only the larger black ant was alive, having vanquished his two smaller foes, "Whether he finally survived that combat, and spent the remainder of his days in some Hotel des Invalides, I do not know: but I thought that his industry would not be worth much thereafter. I never learned which party was victorious, nor the cause of the war." p.758 This shows Thoreau's view that war never has a true winner, the loser is killed and the victor walks away limping and half dead himself.

Free Essays on University Experience Paper

University Experience Paper Coming into college, I really have no idea what to expect. I have heard a lot of different things from a lot of different people. Right now I am starting to get the feel for the university experience, but I still have a lot ahead of me. I pretty much have tried to keep an open mind about everything that I will be exposed to. Many people have told me their opinions and thoughts about the college experience. I have heard a lot of different points of view and many of them are very different. I have finally realized that it does not matter what others think about USF and the experience here. Everyone has different thoughts on USF, certain classes, activities, fraternities, and anything else that I will be exposed to. However, I cannot listen to everybody. I will have to keep an open mind and develop my own thoughts about all of these things. I am expecting to see and do a lot of new things. College will hopefully broaden my knowledge about many issues that I have not even thought about. USF will help me become a more diverse person. Meeting new people, participating in new activities, and living in different conditions will help me open my mind to things that I did not even knew existed. That is my main expectation and the biggest reason I am attending USF. I also expect to be prepared for my future. I hope that USF will help me get ready for my future career in whatever line of work I may choose. I feel as though this university can do this. Lastly, I expect to learn a lot of new things. Whether it be about music, sports, life lessons, etc., I want to be a well rounded person when coming out of the university. My overall goal while attending USF is to be prepared for the future while still having fun and learning about many different subjects. I expect to become very knowledgeable and well rounded once graduated.... Free Essays on University Experience Paper Free Essays on University Experience Paper University Experience Paper Coming into college, I really have no idea what to expect. I have heard a lot of different things from a lot of different people. Right now I am starting to get the feel for the university experience, but I still have a lot ahead of me. I pretty much have tried to keep an open mind about everything that I will be exposed to. Many people have told me their opinions and thoughts about the college experience. I have heard a lot of different points of view and many of them are very different. I have finally realized that it does not matter what others think about USF and the experience here. Everyone has different thoughts on USF, certain classes, activities, fraternities, and anything else that I will be exposed to. However, I cannot listen to everybody. I will have to keep an open mind and develop my own thoughts about all of these things. I am expecting to see and do a lot of new things. College will hopefully broaden my knowledge about many issues that I have not even thought about. USF will help me become a more diverse person. Meeting new people, participating in new activities, and living in different conditions will help me open my mind to things that I did not even knew existed. That is my main expectation and the biggest reason I am attending USF. I also expect to be prepared for my future. I hope that USF will help me get ready for my future career in whatever line of work I may choose. I feel as though this university can do this. Lastly, I expect to learn a lot of new things. Whether it be about music, sports, life lessons, etc., I want to be a well rounded person when coming out of the university. My overall goal while attending USF is to be prepared for the future while still having fun and learning about many different subjects. I expect to become very knowledgeable and well rounded once graduated....

Beowulf and Roland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Beowulf and Roland - Essay Example Beowulf protects the united community of man and does not allow the division and emptiness that are born from the soul of the vile beast Grendel to ravage the halls of Heorot any longer. Resisting Grendel’s savage attack on human solidarity, Beowulf takes up the defense of Heorot and the case of every nation whose name was so poignantly placed upon the high walls of this great hall of men. (Young 2006) The defense of Heorot was successful. Beowulf has fought tremendous battles before. He understood what fighting and death consisted of. This might have had an impression on Beowulf as he went to face the dragon. Oliver counsels Roland to blow his oliphant horn, to call back Charlemagnes main force, but Roland refuses. The Franks fight valiantly, but in the end they are killed to the man. Roland blows his oliphant so that Charlemagne will return and avenge them. (Borey 2006) Another aspect concerning the attitudes of Beowulf and Roland is the reason behind the last battles. Beowulf had to fight a dragon that was going to destroy his kingdom. This evil would not stop unless Beowulf stopped it. The dragon

Mail Order Bride Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mail Order Bride - Essay Example The mail order brides generally belong to second and third world countries such as Ukraine, Russia, Colombia, Mexico, Philippines, Africa, India, and Malaysia, however, some mail order brides also belong to first world nations such as Sweden, Japan, and Canada. The husbands generally belong to the developed nations such as United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and Australia. At present about 150,000 potential spouses advertize on the internet. The males who advertise their intend to marry someone in another country are known as mail order grooms (Wikipedia). The first process is the tradiational process which involves preparation of actual paper catalogues by the prospective brides and advertizing them in magazines such as Car and Driver, Stereo Review, and Rolling Stone, to get men to order them. These paper catalogues are distributed world wide through the maganizes (Ho). The scond process is the more recent one in which the women are solicited by an agency through a newspaper advertisement and their catalogues are advertized on the internet. However, in this process there is an inherent assumption by the advertisers that the women who apply belong to economically challenged classes, so there are cases of exploitation by the husbands in this process (Ho). Once the women is accepted by the agency, she undergoes a rigourous screening process which includes an in-depth questionnaire. The prospective mail order brides are interviewed on the basis of various factors including physical appearance, family background, eduction, work experience and other character refrences. However, apart form asking about themselves they are also asked about their desired match (groom) in oreder to make a perfect match. After the woman has successfully qualified all the screening rounds, the agency reviews her choices and looks for a suitable groom. In recent times the mail order bride business has gained momentum due to the increase in emmigration to developed nations from developing nations. Presently there are more than 200 agencies having operations in mail order business in the US. The companies in this business generate margins by charging both the counterparts for their communiactions and also for the services provided (Ho). Current size of the Mail Order Bride Business in the US Currently, there are more than 400 companies operating this business in the US (as compared to 200 such agencies under operation in 1996) and the revenue generated is more than $500,000 annually. The main target markets for mail order brides are the developing countries like Philippines, Former USSR and other Asian countries. In 2002, there were several thousand Filipina mail order brides in Canada and more than 5,000 such brides arrived to North America annually (MCCLELLAND, 2002). Also, currently there are over one million women from the former USSR who desire to become mail order brides for foreign men (MailOrderBrides.com). Also according to one of the web-sites there are more than 100 new profiles added each week (Bridesbymail). The main reason for targeting these markets is the stereotype of the women in these nations, as most of the women in these nations are known to be submissive, loyal, soft spoken and

Five Drivers of Globalization and the International Forces Research Paper

Five Drivers of Globalization and the International Forces - Research Paper Example According to the standard theory, international trade theory leads to the share of resources being consistent with the corporate advantage. This further leads to specialization thereby enhancing the output. The quick progress in the capital market is because of the globalization. Along with the benefits offered by globalization, there are major concerns related to it. The first concern is related to the fact that globalization leads to a more immoral dispersion of income among the countries and within the countries. The second concern is related to loss of national autonomy and the countries are finding it highly complex to pursue independent domestic policies (Rangarajan, 2006). Dell Corporation has been analyzed for the purpose of this study. Since last 26 years, Dell has been capable of authorizing countries, communities, customers as well as people all over the globe to make use of the technology so that they can realize their dreams. The company tends to value its customers and thus aims at delivering the products and the services according to the needs and the wants of the customers (Dell, 2012). The five main kinds of drivers that are forcing international firms to the globalization of operations are political, technological, market, cost, and competition (Indian Institute of Material Management, 2012). Political Forces There is a trend towards the association and socialization of the global community. Both North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Union present major marketing opportunities for the companies. If the government can reduce barriers to trade as well as foreign investment and can privatize most of the industries in formerly communist nations then globalization can be fostered (Acemoglu & Yared, 2010). Technological Forces With the progress in computers as well as communication technology ideas information can flow across borders. The small companies are capable of competing all over the globe because of the internet as we ll as communication technology. By making use of the internet for the purpose of business exchanges, Business-to-Business (B2B) transaction is providing major savings. Market Forces When the companies tend to globalize, they become global customers. In order to retain their presence in the global markets and expand the consumer base, organizations endeavor to set their trail towards global shores. When the home market saturates, companies seek to operate globally. Cost Forces The management goal is to make use of the economies of scale so that it can reduce unit cost. It is vital for the companies to globalize the product lines so that it can successively attain economies of scale. Production houses can be located in those countries where the cost of production is observed to be less.  

History of Nationalism in Israel

History of Nationalism in Israel Promised Land, Crusader State: The Rise, Fall and Return of the Covenant Nation A dissertation submitted by 58126 to the Department of Government, the London School of Economics and Political Science, in part completion of the requirements for the MSc in Comparative Politics (Conflict Studies) September 1st, 2008 Word Count: ABSTRACT Several prominent comparativists claim that Israel is an outlier case a unique case study that generally defies most conventional forms of categorization. Such an allegation naturally assumes Israel to be exceptional and its behavior inexplicable. The assumption of Israels uniqueness was born during the marked epistemological shift from behavioral crossnational inquiries to more contextually and historically-derived theories, and has undermined Israels place in comparative politics. This dissertation seeks to place Israel and its behavior squarely back into the mix and up against much of the same scrutiny faced by other nation-states. By shifting again from a contextually and historically-derived theory of nationalism towards a more cognitive and tradition-based approach, centered on the ethno-symbolic approach professed by Anthony D. Smith and John Hutchinson, elements of Israels nationalism and national identity are analyzed as contributing to its existence as a zone of conflict a nd to its violent behavior. An analysis of the Covenant Nation as a new comparative category that presupposes the idea of; (i) a chosen people, in (ii) a Promised Land, that uses (iii) blood sacrifice in order to fulfill a redemptive destiny and a commitment to worldly salvation, is highlighted. Limited comparisons to other covenant nations are drawn where applicable. Introduction: Since 1948, Israel has been regarded by some as an occupying force in the Middle East. That Israel, and Jews in general, could be a conquering and occupying people given their fate in the first half of the twentieth century as a nation without a home, victims of anti-Semitism and persecution is confusing to many. For reasons such as this, Israel has long been considered an outlier case by political scientists (Barnett 1996, ch.1). To the point of emphasis, it is argued that Israel defies most categorization, which has become the methodology employed by comparativists in order to understand states and state behavior. Categorizing usually requires classifying a case study under dichotic, or opposite, adjectives; Israel being neither East nor West, developed nor underdeveloped, capitalist nor socialist, Third World nor First World therefore, becomes difficult to study (Barnett 1996, 7). Furthermore, Israel has routinely been excluded from geographically specific studies or regional studies, since it is often considered an alien entity in the Middle East. However, despite Israels historical particularity, Israel is not an alien entity in the Middle East and its behavior is not inexplicable. While differences certainly exist categorically between Israel and other states, they both nevertheless share many of the same traits and concerns characteristics that might have similar origins. It will be argued that in order to understand Israel, both as a nation-state and as it behaves, one needs to understand Israeli nationalist sentiments. Nationalism in itself is a difficult thing to define. Where does it come from? What does it entail? How deeply is it entrenched? The answers to these questions, and many like them, could explain why a nation-state behaves in the way that it does. There are two major competing schools of thought when it comes to understanding nationalism, (a) the modernists, and (b) the primordialists. The modernists would date nationalism to industrialism, the development of capitalism, or to the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. The primordialists, on the other hand, see nationalism as dating back much farther possibly to even before history was recorded. Under this train of thought, Israel might date its nationalism back to the Hebrew Bible. Essentially, it all depends on where in history one chooses to draw the line. This paper will primarily argue that in order to understand Israel as an inherently violent and conflict-laden nation-state it is necessary to move away from the established contextually-derived theories of nationalism and move to one that is more cognitively based. In so doing, this paper will show that Israel is in fact a state like all others. It is not an anomaly, nor methodologically suspect its behavior not inexplicable. Regardless of its ancient historic roots, and despite its recent induction as a state among the family of nations, Israels nationalism should not be analyzed according to the dates of its borders, citizens, infrastructure, or institutions. In a more cognitive approach, Israels nationalism should be understood by the borders, beliefs and people themselves. As such, it will be shown that Israel is the archetypical Covenant Nation a category that exists free from both time and space. Such a theory of nationalism can thus draw on elements from either modern or pr e-modern periods/approaches and need not be based on regional developments or similarities. Israel, like all covenant nations, is inherently conflict-laden. As will be laid out in much greater detail, covenant nations have a strategic culture born of three identifying features/beliefs that make them violent and militaristic in nature. Covenant nations are under a seemingly contractual obligation to defend and secure the idea of; (i) a chosen people, in (ii) a Promised Land, using (iii) blood sacrifice. When the covenant nation theory is highlighted as the root cause of violence, it becomes clear that a solution to the Israeli/Palestinian conflict becomes much more difficult to ascertain. Conflict becomes unrelated to geopolitical realities or existing/imagined security dilemmas, but to an embedded sense of national superiority, a contractual obligation to fulfill the prophecy of the covenant and, derivatively, a commitment to worldly salvation. Thus, while many scholars claim Israel is an outlier case like no other, they are wrong from the outset by trying to assign Israel to conventional and contextual comparativist categories. Israel and its behavior can and should be understood much the same as other states as reactive to its nationalist sentiments, wherever derived. As will be shown, Israel has always been a conquering and occupying nation. It was true of Israels ancient past, it is true of its present and unless a drastic change occurs deep within the embedded (and sacred) structure of Zionism, it will be true of its distant future. The Nation General Definitions and Theories Quest ce-quune nation? Renans question still echoes after more than a century. In recent decades throughout the historical milieu referred to as the post-colonial era a copious amount of interest and attention has been dedicated to the study of nationalism. While no singular definition is agreed on by scholars, for the purpose of this paper a nation will be defined generally as a group that defines itself or is defined by others as sharing common descent and culture [] that also has political consciousness, claiming collective political rights in a given territory (Mann 2005, 11). A nation-state can thus be defined as an entity wherein a nation has its own sovereign state, situated within enunciated and politically defined territorial borders be they universally recognized or not. Scholars of various disciplines have attempted to provide an explanation for the rise, meaning and development of nationalism in human history and societies. The phenomenon of the constitution of nations and national identities, the emergence of national sentiments, the construction of nationhood and nationalist ideologies, appear to all be interrelated constituents of a single phenomenon. Nevertheless, competing theories of nationalism exist the major schism existing between modernists and primordialists. Modernists, such as Gellner and Anderson, assume that the origins of nations and nationalism lie in the structural changes that affected economic and social systems during the industrial revolution at the end of the eighteenth century (Gellner 2006, 48-49), implicitly denying cultural factors. In the opinion of the modernists, the introduction of new means of production and the division of labor caused a restructuring of social relations and the polarization of class interests. Nationalism emerged as a means to promote and direct change through the creation of a popular solidarity as well as a means to protect and promote class interests (Anderson 1991, 113-114). The prevalence of one intention over another brings about the constitution of different political organizations depending on the nature the political system. So to speak, nationalism is identified by the modernists with the process of nation-building a nation being a mere artificial construction fuelled by class interests. The primordialist notion of nationalism contrasts with that proposed by the modernists. Scholars such as Hastings, Smith and Geertz, believe that nations are natural givens (Hastings 1997, 5). Consequently, it is possible to find traces of nationalism and nationhood in ancient times. The feeling of belonging, the acknowledgement among a group of people sharing common cultural, racial, linguistic traits, a common ancestry, history or religion, is a documented fact in history (Smith 1994, 40). Groups tended to bind together by these ties. The proclivity to coalesce around these shared traits, or focal points, brought about the rise of politically and socially organized nations claiming sovereignty over a territory. In fact, it is Anthony D. Smiths many contributions to the theory of ethnosymbolism in particular that figure most prominently in a discussion of Israeli nationalism, and upon which I have based my initial observations and thesis. Ethnosymbolism is founded on the historical origins of nations particularly to their roots in premodern times and focuses its attention on perceptions, beliefs, symbols, rituals, and shared myths and memories. Although the ethnosymbolic approach focuses on subjective cultural and symbolic rudiments, their long term patterning produces a structure of relations and processes [] which can provide a framework for the socialization of successive generations of ethnic and national members (Smith 1999, 14). In more basic terms, the origin and descent of the community are recollected and transmitted to new members of the group by memory as interpreted by earlier generations. This subjective version of a nations origins is understood through ethnohistory rather t han any official historians lens (Coughlan 2001, 160). Before turning to the difference between history and historical traditions on Israeli national identity and behavior in the following section, allow me to first part ways with Anthony D. Smith and highlight our major difference. In War and Ethnicity: the Role of Warfare in the Formation, Self-Images and Cohesion of Ethnic Identities, Smith argues in sum that war has been a powerful factor in shaping certain crucial aspects of ethnic communities and nationhood. He points to Georg Simmels cohesion thesis, which asserts that external armed conflict or the imminent threat thereof produces all internal group solidarity (Smith 1981, XX). In so doing, Smith turns war and its variations into an independent variable that moulds the ethnic community, and invariably the nation. Though I do agree that war and conflict certainly have the ability to accentuate and exacerbate group identity and cohesion, I contend to the contrary that group cohesion is the primary cause of war and conflict. As su ch, war is the dependent variable that finds its existence and explanation in the more common group aggression theory. Thus, it is not war that creates a sense of belonging and community, but a sense of community and belonging that leads to war and conflict and the sense of belonging and community within the Covenant Nation typifies that. The Rise of the Nation-State: Context vs. Cognition To suggest that Israel is in fact an inherently violent nation-state on account of the Covenant, it is necessary to first dispel the myth that all nation-states are violent, and to trace Israels legacy back beyond its establishment. A long-standing assumption among several prominent political theorists suggests that all nation-states are inherently violent because they are forged in warfare. Richard Bean, in War and the Nation State, argues that beginning in the fourteenth century changes in the art of war inextricably led to the rise of centralized states for the purpose of raising taxes (Bean 1973, 220). It is possible, however, that the nation-state by general concept, if not by definition predates medieval changes in the art of war, and certainly Westphalia. Greek city-states, like Sparta, can be seen as examples of very homogeneous societies with developed political structures, taxation, and mutual obligations between government and citizens. Regardless, ancient historical cas es such as these would likely only serve to highlight the linkage between warfare and the birth of the nation-state. On the other end of the spectrum, what can be said about nation-states that have emerged contemporarily? Taking Israel as an example, a state that came into being by means of a vote in the United Nations, it is easy to suggest that the Arab-Israeli wars following its establishment have played a prominent role in the shaping of modern-day Israel. However, shaping by definition is not synonymous with forging. In the first instance, it is my intention to show that nation-states are not forged explicitly in warfare, but on traditions of warfare wherever derived. The purpose is to rephrase the hypothesis that nation-states are forged in warfare into one more universally applicable. For this, it is necessary to first presume that the nation, with its sense of community and belonging, existed prior. It will be shown that; from (i) a nations strategic culture, come (ii) traditions of warfare, which (iii) lead to a greater sense of national identity, on which (iv) nation-states have been forged. In so doing, I move the discourse away from a contextually derived theory of nationalism to a more cognitive-based approach, in which Anthony D. Smiths contributions to ethnosymbolism (as outlined above) figure prominently. A nation-states strategic culture is the obvious place to look for evidence of a war-born society. Strategic culture is defined by Alistair Iain Johnston as an ideational milieu which limits behavior choices. This milieu consists of shared assumption and decision rules that impose a degree of order on individual and group conceptions of their relationship to their social, organizational or political environment (Johnston 1995, 34). Essentially, it all comes down to security. A strategic culture is shaped from a shared sense of self-perception and threat perception of a specific group of people. It is necessary to assume that if a national group has a strong historical sense of war, aggressiveness, victimization, and/or persecution, that these sentiments would play out in their strategic culture, and would limit behavior choice and influence decision-making. Once forged into nation-states these strategic cultures continue to exist, and therefore become good indicators of how groups vi ew warfare and how their states came into being. In order to analyze a nation-states strategic culture properly, it is important to consider that the study of strategic culture itself has two distinct epistemological approaches context and cognition. Those that believe a strategic culture is based in context would claim that the historical record of the nation, even before its conception as a nation-state, is important to study. Basically, the nation-state expresses its national identity based on its national character. Therefore, a states strategic culture is based on its past it is path dependent. On the other hand, cognitivists see strategic culture as an integrated system of symbols (Johnston 1995, 35). Included in this integrated system of symbols are structures, languages, analogies, myths, metaphors, etc. In this approach national identity, as related to strategic culture, is more easily discernable through the study of a nation-states wartime symbols than a nation states wartime history. Carolyn Marvin and David Ingle, in their book Blood Sacrifice and the Nation, also argue that symbols (like a flag) can be very telling indicators that lead one to uncover the nature of nationalism that exists within a state. In Fallen Soldiers, George Mosse looks to nation-states war memorials: cemeteries, songs, poems and commemorations, for clues. Essentially, a nations sentiments regarding warfare might differ from its experience; they might have been shaped or molded. When trying to find the link between the birth of a nation-state and warfare, symbols offer yet another variable to consider. Due to the fact that there are two different ways to approach the study of strategic culture, and by association an element of a nation-states national identity, a clear distinction can be made between proper warfare and traditions of warfare. Traditions, like symbols, need not be based on truth or historical accuracy. There is a tradition of Santa Clause bringing presents to nice children despite there being no assumption of truth behind such a practice and certainly no historical record to legitimize it. Traditions are sometimes developed more because they serve a purpose, than because they truly commemorate something. When considering nation-state formation it is important to properly choose which traditions are worth investigating. Relating to strategic culture, or any issue that shapes a nation-states identity, it is important that a tradition have; (i) solid national support, (ii) outlived the era that gave it birth, (iii) entered the permanent lexicon of national discourse, and (iv) continued to resonate with a portion of public opinion even at a time when it was not directly affecting public policy (McDougall, Ch.1). As will be shown with the case of Israel, traditions of warfare that have passed the scrutiny of the limitations listed above have played a role in developing national identity, and ultimately forging a nation-state. Modern day Israel is a good example of a nation-state forged on traditions of warfare, and not explicitly in warfare. As suggested above the first place to look for evidence of the link between warfare and state formation would be in a nation-states strategic culture. Israels strategic culture has long been dominated by the realist tradition (Dowty 1998, 84). The realist view of security has solid national support in Israel, it has outlived the era that gave it birth, it has entered the permanent lexicon of national discourse, and even during times of relative peace it continues to resonate with a portion of public opinion. Israels strategic culture is not only realist with regards to self-defense, but also in its offense. The leftist scholars who would date Zionism to Theodor Herzls avowedly socialist ideals of establishing a free, humanitarian and egalitarian state in the Jewish homeland to escape the increasing anti-Semitism of late-nineteenth century Europe (Avineri, 1981, 88-89) are shortsighted in their efforts. There is no such thing as nineteenth and twentieth century Zionism it is only Zionism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The bleak and destructive history of the Jews in Europe plays little significance in Israeli mamlachtiyut, or statism. The traditions that have forged the Israeli nation-state and limit its behavior choices can and should be dated back to the Hebrew Bible. For example, one might choose to examine the myth of the Covenant Nation, and how that played out during the Hebrews first experiment with forging a state following Joshuas invasion of Canaan, as evidence. The invasion represents a realist tradition of conquering and occupying. Whether or not the Hebrew Bible represents an accurate historical rendition or whether it has any academic merit at all is outside the scope of discussion. After all, when providing an account for Israels strategic culture, the scriptures can be analyzed as being contextually historical or as a symbol of cognition. Either way fact or fiction they provide a tradition from which to inherit a strategic culture from, and on which to forge a nation-state. Thus, the argument that Richard Bean makes; that nation-states developed out of the need for a strong central authority to levy taxes due to changes in the art of war, is unconvincing. To the point of emphasis, most modern economic-dependent nationalist arguments are limited when one considers ancient examples of national groups coming together to forge polities within defined and enunciated borders. Cases such as these simply highlight the fact that the forging of a nation-state draws more on myths, sentiments and symbols of collective fear, threat, pride, angst, aspiration, victimization, xenophobia and so forth when grouping together to organize politically. The above sentiments combine to form a strategic culture, from which traditions, national identity and greater cohesiveness are born. The nation-state was born as a response to a need for security; the traditions that transmit that feeling be they contextually or cognitively derived are what inevitably forge nation-states an d determine how violently they will behave. Though it may be true that many nation-states are forged explicitly in warfare (and are established using means of warfare), it is not a universal truth. Instead, it should be argued that nation-states are forged on traditions of warfare traditions that once were prescriptive and later become predictive. Covenant Nations As mentioned above, a strategic culture is shaped from a shared sense of self-perception and threat perception of a specific group of people. It is my assertion (to the contrary of international relations theorists) that Israels strategic culture has nothing to do with threat perception; geopolitical realities and security dilemmas are but moot points. Israel has adopted and further developed a strategic culture based solely on a particular tradition of self-perception that of the Covenant Nation. Defining the term Covenant Nation is not as simple as it may appear; its definition is hard to come by because it involves describing a process more than an entity. Simply put, the covenant is a tradition of ethnic election. The process of ethnic election is a multi-staged process requiring; (i) a sense of being singled out or chosen for a special purpose, (ii) a divine promise whether absolute or conditional made to the chosen people, and (iii) a belief that fulfillment of the covenant leads to worldly salvation (Smith 2003, 48-49). In short, the covenant is a tradition of a contractual agreement between God and His people. Simply put, the Covenant Nation, therefore, is the nation that enters and embodies the covenant. As stated above, traditions need not be based on historical truth or reality; in the ethnosymbolic approach traditions, myths and metaphors offer much the same credence to a debate on nationalism and national identity and thus can serve as an explanation for how nation-states behave. Let me begin by acknowledging that although the term Covenant Nation is rife with religious connotation, I do not intentionally seek to obscure the already blurred lines between religion and nationalism. In fact, I seek to avoid entering the scholarly debate about their ambivalent relationship entirely; I steer clear from scholars like Mark Juergensmeyer, whose work albeit fascinating seeks to compare and contrast the two phenomena and chart their historical interplay (Juergensmeyer 2006, 182). Instead, I point to a recent trend in thinking that sees nationalism itself as a form of belief-system or as a new religion of the people (Smith 2003, 42). George Mosse, in Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars, discusses how during the interwar period in Europe a civic religion of nationalism was born based on the cult of the fallen soldier (Mosse 1990, 104). If in Germany, for example, a civic religion of nationalism was born based on the cult of the fallen soldier, it c an be said that for Israel a civic religion of nationalism is born based on the cult of the chosen people and the cult of the Promised Land. The Covenant has always been the cornerstone of Israels national identity dating back to primordial times. The Hebrew Bible first marks the covenant that God makes with Abram in Genesis 12:2: I will make of you a great nation, and I will bless you. It is important to note that this verse not only represents the birth of the covenant, but at the same time the birth of the nation highlighting their interconnectedness. The nation and the covenant are thus co-determining and mutually implicating; the two entities are defined by their internal relationship, such that the two entities derive their meaning through their relationship and have no meaning or basis without the other. No reason is given as to why Abram (later Abraham) is selected to head the nation that will come to be known as the chosen people, but we are told that his progeny shall; (i) inherit the land of Canaan, and (ii) outnumber the dust of the earth (Gen. 12:7 and 13:6) outlining the divine promise. In return the covenant nation is obliged to circumcise their children (Gen. 17:7-10) and post-exodus to keep the laws and commandments that God gives unto his chosen people, the holy nation, at Mount Sinai (Exod. 19:4-6). Such are the terms of the covenantal contract; if the Chosen People follow Yahwehs rules, he will give them virtue, peace and prosperity [in the Promised Land]. If they are his holy servants, the scriptures say, he will bless them (Akenson 1992, 16). Furthermore, not only do Gods chosen people benefit from fulfillment of the covenant the whole world does. By fulfilling the covenant it is believed that Gods plan of salvation is advanced; so to speak, the salvation of all hinge[s] on the conduct of a special few (Smith 2003, 51). Therefore, it is to the conduct of the special few that we now shift our attention. If the renowned modernist scholar on nationalism Elie Kedourie is correct when he asserts that nationalism produces a kind of religious fanaticism that lends to conflict (Kedourie 1971, XX), the same must certainly hold true of covenantal nationalism and likely to an even greater degree. As stated earlier, covenant nations come under a seemingly contractual obligation to defend and secure the idea of; (i) a chosen people, in (ii) a Promised Land, using (iii) regular blood sacrifice. Furthermore, the fulfillment of the covenant sets the chosen people apart from other peoples both ethically and ritually: Ye shall be holy; for I the Lord your God am holy (Lev. 19:2). If fulfillment of the covenant that is following the laws and commandments within the Promised Land makes one holy and will lead to worldly salvation for all, than any/all efforts to attain that credo become morally indisputable. A self-r ighteous and realist strategic culture develops whereby any actions taken in fulfillment of the covenant become necessary, justified and self-vindicating. The strategic culture associated with the covenant has thus permeated throughout time in much the same way it was born manifested from a belief in choseness, holiness, and obligation. The Jewish nation has always found its grounding in the covenant whether in the times of Elijah or Hezekiah, Josiah or Nehemiah, the Maccabees or the Talmudic Sages [] all of these looked back to the founding charter of the covenant, not just as legitimation but as the grounding for their conception of the community of Israel and the unity of the Jewish people, which they sought to restore or deepen (Smith 2003, 63). It is on this sacred foundation that modern day Israel was also established. Nineteenth century political Zionism can be broken down into three competing schools of thought; (i) the Revisionist Zionists, (ii) the Labor Zionists, and (iii) the Religious Zionists. In many ways revisionist Zionism epitomizes what it means to be a covenant nation. Vladimir Zeev Jabotinsky, the founder of revisionist Zionism, believed that people are naturally born into nations and inherit its cultures and values. So to speak, individuals have very little choice regarding which nationalities they belong to. It was Jabotinskys belief that the Jews represent a particularly strong nation because despite the pressures of the Diaspora they always maintained their originality and distinctness(Dowty, 37). Furthermore, he insisted that the Jewish state be established in Palestine and trans-Jordan because it was the historical legacy of the Jews. On the other hand, Labor Zionism the most influential branch of Zionism at the time considered itself to be totally secular in nature. Aaron David Gordon, founder of Hapoel Hatzair, saw the Jewish life in the Diaspora as dependence and a lack of self-reliance. Building on German-Jewish philosopher Martin Bubers I and Thou, he sought to create a new covenant by reconnecting with the land using the religion of labor (Dowty, 39), and by replacing the old exiled Jew with a new self-reliant Jew. However, under the secular garb of Labor Zionism the language and intent of the original Abrahamic Covenant can be discerned (Smith 2003, 93). Ber Borochov, ideological founder of the Poalei Zion labor movement wrote that class struggles exist within national groups as well as between them, clearly acknowledging a difference between the Jewish nation and other peoples, and advocating an ethnic nationalism, rather than the more open and tolerant civic kind (Howe 2000, 236). For reasons such as th is he sought to establish a Jewish socialist state. It is important to note, however, that not any state would do for Labor Zionists the state was to be established in the Jewish homeland. To the point of emphasis, upon establishment of the state of Israel, David Ben-Gurion, the first Labor Prime Minister of Israel declared the uniqueness of the Hebrew people and the redemptive destiny of Israel on its own soil (Smith 2003, 92-93). In so doing he acknowledged Labor and Religious Zionism to be not only compatible, but complimentary. Religious Zionism was headed by Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook. While it is the usual view that Zionism is a sin and alien culture, a non-Jewish way of life, and that Jews should only return to the Promised Land after messianic redemption, Kook claimed that enhancing attachment to the land is an obligation (Dowty, 44). Essentially, Kook is advocating preparing the land for redemption and salvation and suggests that the secular Zionists are doing holy work by settling the Promised Land. Clearly in all three branches of Zionism the tradition of the covenant remains critical the four deep seated cultural resources that define the covenant nation, namely; community, territory, history and destiny, permeate all of their raisons dà ªtre. By 1948, the underlying dimensions of the covenant nation return to fruition and again form a unifying and legitimizing tradition like in times past. From this tradition a realist strategic culture was born that has; (i) solid national support, (ii) outlived the era that gave it birth, (iii) entered the permanent lexicon of national discourse, and (iv) continued to resonate with a portion of public opinion even during times of relative peace. Biblically, historically and contemporarily time and again the covenant h