The Common Application (Definition, Tips, and More)

The Common Application (Definition, Tips, and then some) In the 2017-18 scholastic year, The Common Application is utilized for undergrad confirmations by almost 700 schools and colleges. The Common Application is an electronic school application framework that gathers a wide scope of data: individual information, instructive information, state sanctioned grades, family data, scholastic distinctions, extracurricular exercises, work understanding, an individual article, and criminal history. Budgetary guide data should be taken care of on the FAFSA. The Reasoning Behind the Common Application The Common Application had unobtrusive beginnings during the 1970s when a couple of schools and colleges chose to make the application procedure simpler for candidates by permitting them to make one application, copy it, and afterward mail it to different schools. As the application procedure moved on the web, this fundamental thought of making the application procedure simpler for understudies has remained. In the event that you are applying to 10 schools, you should type in the entirety of your own data, test score information, family data, and even your application article just once.â Other comparative single-application alternatives have risen all the more as of late, for example, the Cappex Application and the Universal College Application, despite the fact that these choices are not as broadly acknowledged yet.â The Reality of the Common Application The appearing simplicity of utilizing one application to apply to various schools surely sounds engaging in the event that you are a school candidate. The truth, notwithstanding, is that the Common Application isnt, actually, basic for all schools, particularly the more specific part organizations. While, the Common Application will spare you time entering such close to home data, test score information, and subtleties of your extracurricular inclusion, singular schools regularly need to get school-explicit data from you. The Common Application has developed to permit all part establishments to demand supplemental articles and different materials from candidates. In the first perfect of the Common App, candidates would compose only a solitary article when applying to school. Today, if a candidate were to apply to every one of the eight of the Ivy League schools, that understudy would need to compose more than thirty articles notwithstanding the regular one in the fundamental applicat ion. In addition, candidates are currently permitted to make more than one Common Application, so you can, actually, send various applications to various schools. In the same way as other organizations, the Common Application needed to pick between its optimal of being normal and its craving to be a generally utilized application. To accomplish the last mentioned, it needed to twist to the impulses of potential part schools and colleges, and this implied making the application adjustable, an undeniable move away from being normal. What Types of Colleges Use the Common Application? Initially, just schools that assessed applications holisticallyâ were permitted to utilize the Common Application; that is, the first way of thinking behind the Common Application was that understudies ought to be assessed as entire people, not similarly as an assortment of numerical information, for example, class rank, state sanctioned grades, and grades. Each part organization expected to mull over non-numerical data got from things, for example, letters of recommendation,â anâ application article, and extracurricular exercises. On the off chance that a school put together confirmation exclusively with respect to GPA and grades, they couldn't be an individual from the Common Application. Today this isn't the situation. Here once more, as the Common Application keeps on attempting and develop its number of part organizations, it has relinquished those unique standards. More schools and colleges don't have comprehensive affirmations than those that accomplish (for the basic explanation that an all encompassing confirmation process is substantially more work escalated than an information driven procedure). So as to make the way for most of organizations in the nation, the Common Application presently permits schools that don't have all encompassing admissions to become individuals. This change immediately brought about the enrollment of numerous open organizations that base admissionâ decisions to a great extent on numerical measures. Since the Common Application continues moving to be comprehensive of a wide scope of schools and colleges, the participation is very different. It incorporates about every top school and top colleges, yet additionally a few schools that are not specific by any stretch of the imagination. Both open and private foundations utilize the Common App, as do a few recorded dark schools and colleges. Â The Most Recent Common Application Beginning in 2013 with CA4, the most up to date form of the Common Application, the paper adaptation of the application has been eliminated and all applications are nowâ submitted electronically through the Common Application site. The online application permits you to make various forms of the application for various schools, and the site will likewise monitor the distinctive application prerequisites for the various schools to which you are applying. The turn out of the present variant of the application was laden with issues, yet current candidates ought to experience a generally difficulty free application process. Numerous schools will request one or moreâ supplemental essaysâ to supplement the article you compose on one of the seven individual exposition alternatives gave on the Common Application. Numerous universities will likewise request a short answer exposition on one of your extracurricular or work encounters. These enhancements will be submitted through the Common Application site with the remainder of your application. Issues Related to the Common Application The Common Application is undoubtedly staying put, and the advantages it gives candidates surely exceed the negatives. The application is, nonetheless, somewhat of a test for some schools. Since it is so natural to apply to numerous schools utilizing the Common App, numerous universities are finding that the quantity of utilizations they are accepting is going up, yet the quantity of understudies they are registering isn't. The Common Application makes it all the more trying for universities to foresee the yield from their candidate pools, and subsequently, numerous schools are compelled to depend all the more vigorously on shortlists. This uncertainly can cause issues down the road for understudies who wind up set in shortlist limbo since universities essentially cant anticipate what number of understudies will acknowledge their proposals of affirmation.

Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Online networking - Essay Example The expenses of publicizing through online life are very less and the impacts broad. This is the explanation that it has become the most favored wellspring of advertising for the organizations today. Today, the advertisers need to devise new showcasing methodologies to satisfy the need of current media. Prior they used to burn through millions in their promoting financial plan in order to ensure that their item is the one that is perceived. The techniques today center more around being client driven. The associations today need to remember the requirements of clients and bid farewell to their â€Å"I† mentality. These days there is an expanded attention to online life among general society and this is the significant main thrust behind the difference in the focal point of the organizations which are utilizing it now in standard. The cost adequacy and fulfillment of the client today is a higher priority than simply selling the item. The utilization of general promotion so as to pull in individuals towards an item has now gotten obsolete the same number of new ways have been developed. Rundown and break down techniques for elective debate goals and figure out which would be best in settling real questions that emerge with shoppers who may make buys from organizations that give joins through web-based social networking. The advertisers today can profit by the subconscious impact to utilize creative and thoughts of ads with a component of fun in the middle of radio projects or the projects most viewed by people in general. Facebook and other comparative social locales have gotten very famous among the general masses and thus their utilization as the new promoting medium. Such a system might be useful in making a client consider purchasing an item more thoroughly. Indeed, the believability of an item is improved if the items are being included in the middle of some well known shows. The information on an item will likewise be expanded through conveying specia l proposals on people’s PDAs. Along these lines, an enormous populace can be focused at constrained expense. The item can likewise end up being a cutting edge ware through notice crusades on Facebook, Twitter or My Space. By and by, the QUALITY isn't adequate as it was in the earlier years. BUZZ is the main thing that is of significance today and can carry the item to the cutting edge (O'Guinn, 2005). Analyze the three (3) parts of government and examine which can effectuate the most critical effect on managing purchaser exchanges through online life outlets. Bolster your choice. In the event that an item needs to prevail in the market the most significant thing to be remembered for the offer of item is the showcasing channel. Promoting association is a free association that works in joint effort to give advantage to the maker which couldn't be picked up by the maker on the off chance that he is working alone. To focus available straightforwardly is a basic undertaking for th e maker to accomplish; in addition it expands the cost of the item. Hence, there emerges a need of market mediators which encourage the decrease of cost of pulling the clients towards an item. The decision of showcasing channel is influenced by various factors, for example, valuing, publicizing and dispersion channel. Proficiency can be accomplished through utilization of viable showcasing channels. They empower the presence of the items as â€Å"tailor made† for the buyers and the new item takes a client situated viewpoint. The technique

Identity crisis (joy luck club Essay Example For Students

Character emergency (delight karma club Essay Character Crisis(Joy Luck Club)Every individual goes to a point in their life when they start to look for themselves and their personality. Generally it is a long procedure and takes quite a while with many wrong turns en route. Family, instructors, and companions all assistance to form an individual into an individual and grown-up. Guardians assume the biggest job in advancing an individual. Amy Tan, writer of the Joy Luck Club, utilizes this subject in her book. Four moms have relocated to America from China in light of their own battles. They all need their little girls to grow up fruitful and with no of the hardships they experienced. One mother, Suyuan, confers her insight on her girl through stories. The American culture impacts her girl, Jing Mei, to such an extent, that it is hard for Jing Mei to comprehend her moms culture and life lessons.Yet it isn't until Jing Mei understands that the way to understanding who her mom was and what her identity is lies in understanding her moms life. Jing Mei goes through her American time on earth attempting to pull away from her Chinese legacy, and in this way additionally winds up pulling endlessly from her mom. Jing Mei doesn't comprehend the way of life and doesn't feel it is important to her life. At the point when she grows up it isn't stylish to be called by your Chinese name (26). She doesn’t use, comprehend, or recall the Chinese articulations her mom did, asserting she can easily forget things she didn’t comprehend in any case (6). Jing Mei beseeches her mom to get her a transistor radio, however her mom rejects when she remembers something from quite a while ago, asking her girl For what good reason do you think you are missing something you never had? (13) Instead of review the circumstance from her moms Chinese-affected side, Jing Mei takes the American materialistic perspective and pouts peacefully for 60 minutes (13). By disregarding her mother and her mothers guidance, Jing Mei is likewise overlooki ng a portion of the likenesses among her and her mom. Suyuan has likewise dismissed a portion of the Chinese conventions. Suyuan rejects the ladies abusive Chinese customs when she reveals to her little girl that she trusted you could be anything you need to be in America (141). Suyuan constantly discloses to Jing Mei her Kweilin story as a youngster, the tale of the sources of the Joy Luck Club just as her moms past hardships. However regardless of the significance of the story and the occasions establishing the story to Suyuan, Jing Mei never thought her moms Kweilin story was definitely not a Chinese fantasy (12). The story would have a similar significance to Jing Mei as though she were being recounted to the narrative of Sleeping Beauty, or some other American sleep time story. When Jing Mei perceives the similitudes between her mom and herself she starts to comprehend her mom as well as herself also. There are inconspicuous associations and similarities from the earliest starting point between Jing Mei and her mom that Jing Mei doesn't see. The book initiates with Jing Mei assuming her moms position at the mah jong table, making a similitude between them from the earliest starting point. Suyuan bites the dust two months before the beginning of the book, and in this manner can't recount to the accounts. Jing Mei has learned and should disclose to her accounts in her place, shaping another parallelism among mother and girl. Since Suyuan is dead, Jing Mei must act instead of her mom when she goes to meet her Chinese sisters in China. All through the book Jing Mei replaces Suyuan, demonstrating she and her mom have a one of a kind connection even with the boundary of the living scene. Jing Mei at last starts to understand her personality and past when she goes instead of her mom to China to meet her two twin sisters. Suyuan needed to settle on the hard choice to leave her twin childr en out and about in trusts some thoughtful outsider would take them in, that manner she would not need to see them bite the dust. Suyuan scans for her infants all through her life in America, sending huge numbers of letters; they at long last connect with her two months after she has passed on. Since her mom isn't alive to meet her youngsters, Jing Mei has her spot and the outing empowers her to at long last perceive her Chinese family line. The moment she enters China she feels extraordinary and can understand that she is getting Chinese (306). At fifteen Jing Mei accepted she was distinctly as Chinese as her Caucasian companions (306). However her mom counters considerations, advising her: Once you are brought into the world Chinese, you can't resist the opportunity to feel and think Chinese (306). Once in China Jing Mei chooses her mom was correct and she has never truly comprehended what it intended to be Chinese (307). She has never comprehended her mom or her legacy. This excu rsion is the interfacing connect to understanding her life. She starts to feel normal in China, contemplating internally on the train: I am in China†¦ It feels right (312). Jing Mei sees the scene, the individuals, the accounts, and the families in China and sees where her mom was talking from those years. She knows a little percent of her mom know (15). It gets clear to Jing Mei to perceive what some portion of her is Chinese; it is in her family, in her blood (331). Jing Mei at long last acknowledges herself when she goes to China, attempting to interface with her mom and scanning for her character. The more she remains in China, the more associated Jing Mei feels to her mom, the more she feels comfortable, and the more she comprehends what her mom was attempting to instruct her. Finally when Jing Mei grasps her sisters just because at the air terminal, and they take a gander at the Polaroid so see their likenesses, Jing Mei understands the piece of her that is Chinese is her family. She should grasp the memory of her dead mother to get a handle on that piece of her character.

Judas at the Jockey Club

As an American in the late 1800's, claiming a homestead was not very unprecedented, particularly if that ranch was situated in Mexico. Right now, however, Mexico was in the Porfirian Era (1876-1911). In this specific period, Mexico was being experienced by two altogether different societies simultaneously: the modern, and the conventional. These unmistakably independent societies affecting Mexico caused it as what to can be depicted as â€Å"backwards† as it were, as Mexico was for all intents and purposes relapsing as it's general surroundings was proceeding onward to greater and better things.Mexico was behind to the point that â€Å"many had inferred that Mexico still couldn't seem to progress past chipped shakes as utensils. † (p. 67). Mexico as of now had secured itself its very own dormancy customs. The individuals were just excessively on edge towards more current innovation to push forward and substitute what they had known for such a long time. In Mexico right now, stones were utilized for about each activity executed by the locals. Ladies that would hand-granulate the feast for tortillas despite everything utilized a stone roller and section for the job.They would then assume the tortillas and position them upon a hot stone, as ovens were unbelievable right now. The houses that they lived in additionally spoke to the backwardness of the period, as they appeared to reproduce that of an Aztec or early Spanish hovel with its level top and adobe development. In these houses, the Mexicans did not have a wide range of furniture, even a bed. For rest, they utilized what were called petates, which were basic mats to rest on. They additionally didn't have any methods for warming or cooling, so all assets that they had were to be used in numerous ways.As far as the execution of new innovation goes, Mexico was extremely obstinate without a doubt. As written in the book, â€Å"In close to skepticism, a New York Times journalist composed that Mexica ns barely comprehended the utilization of the wheel. † (p. 72), so it isn't altogether hard to accept that Mexico was still in an old way of life. As a result of this absence of transportation innovation, numerous Mexicans at the time would utilize donkeys just as men to move cargo across distances.This was a gigantic portrayal of the hindered mechanical development that Porfirian Mexico had. Another extraordinary vision of Mexico's inadequately versatile society was the furrow. This furrow was depicted as being â€Å"a long tree limb, with a criminal, once in a while confronted with an iron, filling in as the plowshare. † (p. 72). It likewise is advised to be bull controlled, snared to its horns, making it untrustworthy and at most occasions wasteful. It was likewise terribly awful for the bull, as it made the animal push and strain on its neck muscles.On the farms that did anyway import furrows from the United States, one handle would be expelled to repeat the convent ional device that was as yet utilized, instead of figuring out how to utilize the more up to date and better improved one. Other Agricultural instruments were not utilized in Mexico either, further speaking to the determination Mexicans had toward change. Wheat was still collected by a sickle, instead of a smooth cutting edge. The wheat was not gotten by a support either, for all intents and purposes making more work for the Mexicans in general. No apparatuses were utilized to sift the wheat either.Instead, â€Å"the grain was sifted by spreading it in a corral and permitting the creatures to stomp on it for a few days. † (p. 73). When the procedure was finished, soil and creature rottenness was blended in with the item, making it particularly unsanitary. Not exclusively were these Mexicans obstinate to adjusting the new innovations, they were antagonistic too. After one hacendado had discovered that the thresher machine was considerably more successful and useful, the town m inister had proclaimed that it was â€Å"possessed by the fiend and prohibited the peons to work with it.† (p. 73); the American proprietor of this machine needed to have it traded out of the zone to keep it from being crushed. In spite of the unholy assertions of clerics, numerous townspeople normally contradicted utilizing the machines since they left the straw â€Å"whole†. On this resistibility to change, the ranchers who developed such harvests were uninformed to the reality of turning and resting the fields. They simply didn't comprehend the logical ways that endless supply of the following greatest appearances of the numbness and difficult demonstrations of Mexican specialists as of now was the perspectives they hung on the fundamental devices of the Yankees. As the new advances of scoops and work carts were being brought into Mexico, they were in effect totally ignored. At the point when Mexicans expected to move or transport the earth, they would utilize what was known as a horn scoop, and dump their gathered soil into a cowhide pack for transportation instead of tossing shovelfuls into a wheelbarrow.An case of handcart use is told as the accompanying: â€Å"one worker taking a shot at the congregation stacked his push cart with blocks, lifted it onto his head, and walked over to the artisans. In the wake of discharging it, he supplanted the work cart on his head and came back to the block heap for another heap. † (p. 74). All methods for water system were finished by moving the water by methods for a pot or pail. Some of the time different ways were actualized also, however in any case, these was were too known to possibly be gone back to old times.The straightforwardness of it was so neanderthal in style that its told that these techniques for water system were gotten from those utilized on the Nile several years prior, and not enhanced since. Mining also was un-impacted by the developing advances, as the mines scarcely contrast ed from what they had been over past years. The laborers would dive into the slope, and utilize long posts, for the most part 8-10 feet long, to escape all through the mine. The apparatuses the real diggers used was a steel-tipped iron bar, as opposed to the contemporary pick of the advanced age.These drillers, or barrateros, were known as the world class society of the underground, additionally being paid obviously superior to other people. To the extent the metal moving procedure went, it was hazardous, in the reality of climbing up these wooden shafts to the surface. Its said that the laborers would rest the sack loaded up with mineral, generally around 150-200 pounds, on his back and start the climb. It's likewise said that the transporter would frequently need to hold the sack consistent with one hand to keep it from falling, climbing and holding offset with the other.The procedure Mexicans utilized for handling the metal was additionally considered wasteful and average, as â⠂¬Å"one engineer assessed that utilizing these strategies Mexican diggers removed around 60 percent of the metal contained in the crude mineral. † (p. 76). Mexicans likewise donned one more defeat, as they depended on rawhide as a prop for and any all fixes. â€Å"Thongs burdened the furrow to the bull, bound cargoes on the backs of donkeys, sewed together everything that could be bound, attached rails to fence posts, and held rafters in place.† (p. 76).That past sentence basically summarizes it that â€Å"what a Mexican couldn't do with rawhide was not worth doing. † (p. 76). Mexicans had for all intents and purposes dispensed with the requirement for any kind of pins or nails in their general public. In any case, however this rawhide-fixing procedure was valuable on numerous things, it would not be acknowledged not to mention successful on apparatus. Their methods for fix through rawhide put them at an impediment had a fix been required for any kind of machine, particularly one produced using cast iron.When an issue like this would develop, the Mexicans would basically hurl that machine aside and no longer stress over it. This besides fortified the obliviousness to innovation that Mexicans brandished. Mexico in this timeframe was particularly behind innovatively. They didn't prompt change, nor did they grasp it on the off chance that it was put before them. They confronted numerous disservices in the Porfirian Era along these lines, yet, they were not stale in their obligations. The Mexicans, despite everything utilizing the antiquated practices that have been for quite some time utilized by their precursors, would land the position done.Their hard working attitude was certainly a commendable one, however the disgrace of it by and large is to feel that they could've completed a lot more had they not been so determined toward new advances. This conspicuous tenacity sent them into the relapse, or â€Å"backwardness† that they were kn own for at that point, firmly strengthened by the possibility that â€Å"if it's not broken, don't fix it. † Eventually, however, Mexico as of now would be assaulted by the Porfirian Liberals, who posted limitations upon the congregation and held onto arrives in endeavor to â€Å"modernize† the so exceptionally a long ways behind Mexicans.In reaction to the assaults, â€Å"these Mexicans under attack went up against current life in the open country and the city, and battled to save their customs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 88). Mexicans of this time were simply not going to buckle under to any outside power, regardless of whether it be an adjustment in innovations, or an adjustment in customs. They were difficult and solid willed with their convictions, paying little heed to who or what was compromising them. That obviously exhibits why Mexico isn't really a spot to embed new advances, particularly ones that endeavor to enhance their own past conventions.

Are We Culturally Aware Or Not Nursing Term Paper - 550 Words

Are We Culturally Aware Or Not Nursing Term Paper (Term Paper Sample) Content: ARE WE CULTURALLY AWARE OR NOTName of student:Professor:Course:Date:Are We Culturally Aware Or Not?A growing profitable internal medicine practice of 10 physicians, 2 physician assistants, a physical therapist, and a massage therapist is located in a city of 150, people. The clinical personnel are mostly from the majority group in area and consider themselves open-minded, altruistic and culturally aware. The administrative support staff is representative of the makeup of the patient population-mostly minority groups in the local community. The patient population is growing and becoming more diverse from from those newly arrived in the city. The practice is currently facing several challenges.Question 1.The practice manager wants to have the local hospital expert on cultural competency come talk to the staff. The administrative support staff does not feel that they need training. How should the practice manager proceed?Being culturally aware is paramount especially in a diverse community. Both for business and social purposes, one needs to understand what to do and what not to, how, when and where. This is because what applies in one community's culture may not apply to another. For any business transaction success, the key element is trust. Trust can be acquired when one feels accepted in their environment and not threatened. The best approach that the practice manager would have used is first to understand what the administrative support staff liked most and what they disliked. This would help the practice manager know what will be conveyed to them and how. After knowing what they liked, he would pick one of the administrative support staff and include him or her in the team that will talk to them. The person chosen should be the most influential among the group. This will instill trust in them and make them easily accept the training since it will not be hard for the person to convince his group to accept the training despite their feeling th at they needed no training, considering that he was the most influential among them, and he understands their culture more than the practice manager. Everyone always gains trust and confidence when one of them represents them at a higher level.Question 2.The practice needs to hire a new administrative assistant to work with the front desk staff. The practice wishes to hire someone from the local minority community rather than an equally qualified individual from another state. How should the practice manager proceed? Justify the rationale for this recommendation.Hiring someone among the local minority communities would be the best choice since it will instill trust among the communities. Having a person from the local minority community will give the community confidence by seeing one of them as a staff. This also will help understand the community more since the personnel will have prior knowledge about the community. That is culture, language and more so what they like and what th ey don't like, this is because he has lived in the state and understood the communities in and out. Whereas someone from another state will hinder the practice in some ways including the relation of the clients and the staff since the minority communities, make up a population served by the practice. Personnel from another state may fail to understand the cultural practice of the communities as compared to the person from the local community who is one of them. This is because what applies in one community may not apply to another.Question 3.With the recent growth, the practice is considering relocating its office to another, larger office facility. Several options are being discussed. Should they relocate to a more affluent area of the city that is less diverse? Or should they stay in the same neighborhood, even if it is less profitable? What are the pros and cons of staying in this neighborhood versus moving to another area? If the rent is higher in the more diverse area, is that enough to justify not moving there? Or is diversity responsiveness a cost of doing business ? how should the practice manager proceed?Patient growth to the facility means that the business also is growing at the same rate of the patients' population. Relocating to another area means that they will be going to start afresh both in the organization and the clients' relation. Despite the trust in the patients in the current location, it will be hard for most of them to travel that distance in the name of service; hence they will lose most of their clients. Again, moving will cause time wastage and expenses since they will go and start re-advertising the practice again to the new area. Despite the high rent in the current area, that will not be an adequate reason ...

Beowulf A Good Leader - Free Essay Example

Real leadership is leaders recognizing that they serve the people they lead. This quote by Pete Hoekstra, a Dutch-American politician, perfectly describes the character of Beowulf. Beowulf is a good leader because he shows bravery, honor, and loyalty to his people in spite of the dangers he faces throughout the poem. In the story, Beowulf knew that his people needed a leader and that he was the only one who could save them. To be labeled a good leader, a person must exhibit bravery. At the beginning of the poem, Beowulf and fourteen of his men sailed to Denmark to rid the kingdom of an evil monster named Grendel, a descendant from Cain. Beowulf had heard many stories about how Grendel killed all of King Hrothgars men. Beowulf travels to Denmark because he wants to fight Grendel to test his bravery and to save the kingdom. He knew that he would be the only one in the land with enough courage to battle the enemy. After killing Grendel in the mead hall, Beowulf was honored by hundreds of people in the kingdom for being their brave hero. Beowulf was able to be victorious over Grendel because he did not let his fear of failure stop him from saving the lives of many people (Leadership in Literature). Another quality of a good leader is someone who is honorable. An honorable person is someone who is noble, trustworthy, and ethical. Before leaving for his fight with Grendel, Beowulf throws away his sword and armor so the fight would be fair, since Grendel has no idea of the arts of war, / or shield or swordplay (681-682). Beowulf states that he would find no satisfaction in beating Grendel unless the fight was completely fair, which meant he would have to fight the monster bare-handed. Beowulf shows his true character in this scene of the poem because only the most honorable of men would risk his life so that no person had the greater advantage over the other. Grendel, on the other hand, shows his moral inferiority once he attacks Beowulf and his men in their sleep. Beowulfs honorable heart is rewarded at the end of this battle by being able to defeat his unworthy foe (Brave New World). Loyalty is one of the most paramount qualities of a great leader. A good leader must be trustworthy, leaving his/her people without a hint of doubt that they will not be let down. After the tragic death of the young King Heardred, the kingdom was in dire need of a new leader. This was when Beowulf steps in. Not only does Beowulf rule the Geats, but he did so for over fifty years. During his time as king, Beowulf fought in two more treacherous battles, allied with the Danes, and brought the kingdom significant amount of riches. Beowulf was a devoted leader to his people and showed his loyalty to them by his courageous heart and wise mind. The Danes not only praised Beowulf for being a fearless warrior but also for being the loyal ruler they needed so gravely for their kingdoms sake (Brave New World). A leader is someone who serves the people they lead. Beowulf recognized the desperate need for a leader and he knew he was the only one suited for the task at hand. Beowulf makes a good leader because he exhibits great amounts of bravery, honor, and loyalty to his people. Beowulf selflessly risked his life multiple times for the sake of the Geats. Beowulfs exceptional leadership qualities of bravery, honor, and loyalty will be remembered by readers for years and years to come.

Forms of contract - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 5958 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.0 Introduction The Scenario A leading manufacturer of confectionery in the UK suffered a devastating fire at their factory in Sheffield. Their insurers have authorised an immediate commencement of the rebuilding work and have been paying a sum of approximately 1 5m. per month to the insured company as Business Continuity insurance to cover both loss of profit and to allow products to be imported from another country for packaging and sale. The factory site has been cleared using an enabling works contract and it has been decided that an experience single contractor, who is capable of undertaking this type of work would be appointed. It is now the responsibility of an experienced project manager to administer the rebuilding of the factory, which currently is thought to be in the region of 60m worth. The time scale and who the project manager will use to achieve the delivery of the new building and process equipment to enable the manufacture of confectionery to re-start, including any trials, performance tests and commissioning at the earliest possible opportunity is for him/her to decide. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Forms of contract" essay for you Create order On this account, time of completion and quality is the primary concern and cost is secondary, thus, a form of contract with a procurement route or strategy that would facilitate the construction of the rebuilding to start immediately, while all other preparations (e.g Engineering works) towards the building objective are going on, would be the appropriate or desired form of contract. Chapter 2 2.0 Forms of contract Standard form of contract for the execution of work and the appointment of consultants are basically used in the construction, Engineering and processing industries. These contracts are prepared by one body in isolation or jointly prepared by bodies representing employers, consultants and contractors. Some of the forms of contracts by these bodies are: * Joint contract Tribunal (JCT) forms of contract * Engineering Contract (NEC 3) forms of contract * Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE) forms of contract * Association of Consultant Engineers (ACE) forms of contract * Association of Consultant Architects (ACA) forms of contract * General Condition/works forms of contact 2.1 Criteria for the Selection of Forms of Contract According to the office of building and development in Australia (1996), there are a variety of forms of contract and procurement route that are available for acquiring a new or rebuilding of building, facilities or infrastructure, which are basically determined by a number of criteria, which are: * Type of client * Level of involvement required by the client * The project size and complexity * Speed Time available for construction * Risk allocation * Approach to the design solution * Cost certainty and method of financing the project * Specialist input * Capacity for variations Ability to change scope of work and * Contract Administration * Separation of design and management 2.2 Contract Types 2.2.1 Traditional Contract Traditional contracts are the type of contracts that separate the design from the construction stages with consultants leading on design and the contractor responsible for the construction execution. In this type of contracts, a consultant (an architect in most cases) acts on behalf of the client/employer as the contract administrator and most risks are passed to the contractors and sub-contractors. Traditional contracts embraced sort it out latter mentality, where time, cost and other related problems are left to the end of the project, which often leads to dispute. Overlapping of design and construction stages in the traditional contract is not encouraged and there is wide criticism that traditional contracts polarise the parties resulting in extreme inefficiencies and encouraging dispute. However, it focuses on the clients main requirements of design control, time and cost certainty. Most of the JCT, ICE and General Conditions/work contract forms adopt the traditional contract. According to Holt (2010), examples of traditional contracts include: * JCT Standard Building Contract with Quantities * JCT Intermediate contract * JCT Minor Works Contract * NEC Engineering and Construction Contract (option A and B fixed price) 2.2.2 Design and Build Contracts Design and Build contract is probably the recent form of procurement and it is available from most of the contract producing bodies (Keown 2010). In a design and build contract, the client employed consultant to prepare documents outlining his requirement in a form of a brief initial designed scheme (Employers Requirements). A single contractor is then appointed to deliver the designed scheme as required (contractors proposals) by employing his or her own design team and then carries out the execution of the work using both the employers requirements and the contractors proposals. The contractor could also engage the original consultant to complete the design through a novation agreement and term or use his own design team for the purpose, which would be verified by the clients design team. Under the design and build method, there is no independent contract administration rather the employer uses employers agent to administer the contract. Examples of Design and Build proposed by Holt (2010) are: * JCT Design and Build Contract * The NEC Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC) -Target cost contract with Activity schedule or Bill of Quantities (Main option C). 2.2.3 Non-Traditional (Management) Contracts Non-traditional contracts such as management contracts are specialist forms of contract, where a specialist e.g management contractor or project manager manages the construction activities on behalf of the client/employer. It is suitable for large, complex and fast-track projects such as high-rise buildings. Management form of contract tends to solve the problems associated with traditional contracts by a means of collaborative working and trying to unite the various project participants in order to avoid polarisation. It claims to remove traditional contract inefficiencies and increase cost and time certainty. Construction procurement by management contract requires great care and high level of sophistication by employer and contractor. According to Keown (2010), advantages of using management contract include: * It is a quick method of procuring a competitive tendered. * It facilitates a quick start of construction activities on the site. * Flexibility design activities can extend into the construction period. * It gives the opportunity for changes in the scope of work. * It avoids polarisation of parties by collaborative work. * It encourages early contractor input on the programme, buildability and content of work contract packages. * The employer/client has an opportunity to stop the project before proceeding to construction, for a set fee to the contractor. Examples of Non-traditional (management) contract proposed by Holt (2010) are: * JCT Construction Management Appointment * JCT Management Building Contract * The NEC ECC, Management Contract main option F * JCT Construction Excellence (CE) Chapter 3 3.0 Review of Different Forms of Contract The JCT, NEC3, ICE, and ACA forms of contract are intended to be reviewed for the selection of a suitable form of contract for the rebuilding of the confectionery factory. 3.1 Joint Contract Tribunal (JCT) 2005 JCT form of contract, which was formerly known as RIBA contract until 1977 was the first form of building contract agreed between architects and builders established in 1931 (Chappell, et al. 2001). The JCT now comprises professional bodies, which are: * Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) * Royal Institute of British Architects * Scottish Building Contract Committee * British Property Federation * Construction Federation * Local Government Association * National Specialist Contractor Council Limited The JCT forms of contract embraced the traditional procurement philosophy and are very popular in the UK. According to the survey carried out in 2004 by Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS 2006), which was tagged RICS contracts in Use Survey 2004, approximately 78% of construction contracts were procured using JCT in the UK. As noted previously that most JCT contracts are basically traditional contract, they required well- developed design before the construction works to commence. It is a form of contract that is fairly complicated and is always criticised for polarising construction team and encouraging claims; this must always be borne in mind when considering selecting JCT forms of contract. However, it also offers collaborating working contracts like Construction Excellence (CE) that has not been tested in the market (Keown 2010). The JCT 2005, which is the current and updated form of contract, has varieties of procurement methods for small and large projects that are basically intended for building/construction work, particularly in the private/commercial sector depending on procurement criteria being considered. According to Keown (2010), most JCT forms of contract do not have any express clauses on ground condition, thus, they are often amended and include terms that exclude liability for ground conditions. So, JCT contracts are not suitable for: * Rail or road related works; * Civil or earthworks; * Mechanical or electrical plant/installations works; * Landscape or archaeological works; and * Ecological or environmental works The JCT 2005 various forms of contract use to suit the ever changing construction industry are: The Minor Works (MW) Building Contract This form of contract is very popular and suitable for small construction works, which are relatively simple in nature. It is lump-sum form of contract that based on drawings and specifications, but not re-measurement contact and requires an independent contract administrator. According to Keown (2010), it is suitable for construction work that worth 100,000 (2008 prices). The Minor Works with Contractors Design (MWD) Contract In this form of contract, which is a version of Minor works (MW), the contractor provides design, which is limited to discrete parts of the works. However, it should be noted that it is not a design and build contract. Intermediate Building Contract (IC) This form of contract is another popular form of JCT contract suitable for construction works of a simple content without complex building service installations (BrunswickIS 2007). It is a lump-sum contract based on drawing and specifications, ranging from 100,000 to 800,000 (2008 rough financial prices) (Keown 2010). It also requires independent contract administrator and a quantity surveyor. Intermediate Building Contract with Contractors Design (ICD) This form of contract is a version of the intermediate building contract, which the contractor can provide design that is limited to discrete part of the works. It should be noted that it is not a design and build contract. Standard Building Contract (SBC) The SBC is a modern and sophisticated construction contract, which is suitable for larger projects that value 500,000 upwards (2008 prices) given by Keown (2010). The SBC requires considerable experience to operate and understand it effectively and an independent contract administrator and quantity surveyor are needed. It is unsuitable for projects with substantial substructure work, excavation and earthworks. SBC comes in three formats: * Standard Building Contract with Quantities (SBC/Q) * Standard Building Contract with Approximate Quantities (SBC/AQ) * Standard Building Contract without Quantities (SBC/XQ) The SBC/Q and SBCXQ are lump-sum contracts based on drawings and specification, if there is a bill of quantities, then these rates and prices are for valuing variations. While the SBC/AQ is a re-measurement contract. All these forms of SBC made provision for the contractor to provide design known as contractors Design Portion, which is limited to discrete parts of the works such as the piling, mechanical and engineering works. However, it should be noted that it is not a Design and Build Contract. Design and Build Contract (DB) JCT design and build is a sophisticated contract requiring considerable experience to be used effectively. The employer/client provides the initial design that sets out his requirement in the contract document (Employers Requirement) and the contractor completes the design (contractors Proposals) and commences the construction work. It is a lump-sum contract that requires adequate time and great care to draft the employers requirements as it does not encourage change of scope or variation without incurring an additional cost. Design and build contract does not require an independent contract administrator, rather the employer/client uses an Employers Agent to administer the contract. Major Project Construction Contract (MP) JCT MP Contract is suitable for large projects, which both the client and contractor are sophisticated and experienced construction parties working on large projects that value around 10m upward (2008 prices) (Keown 2010). It is similar to Design and Build, where the client provides initial design and the contractor completes the design and commences the execution work. Thus, adequate time and great care are required in drafting the employers requirement as there is little scope for change later.. Prime Cost Building Contract The JCT prime cost building contract is a cost reimbursement form in which the contractor is paid by a fixed fee or a percentage fee in addition to the incurred cost. According to Keown (2010), this form of contract is used where the scope of work could not be defined such as refurbishment work or where the works have to start immediately such as emergency work after fire damaged. In this form of contract, cost of the project cannot be ascertained until the completion, and it could be used alternatively to the NEC 3 ECC Main Options E, which is also a cost reimbursement contract.. JCT Management Contracts (MC) The JCT has two forms of management contracts, which are Construction management form and Management contract form. Both forms require great care and a high level sophistication and experience by the employer and the contractor. They are not popular in the UK but sometimes used on large, complex and fast track projects. Construction Management: In this form, the contractor acts on behalf of the client as only a construction manager to manage the construction work by supervising the trade subcontractors employed by the client. Management Contract: In this form, the main contractor acts as construction manager for the works and employs the subcontractor. The main contractor does not carry out any construction works but manages the work carry out by his subcontractor for a fee plus the prime cost. The JCT Construction Excellence (CE) This form of contract is radically different from all other JCT forms of contract because it is a partnering/collaborative contract newly introduced in 2007 to enter the collaborative contract market that is dominated by the NEC and PPC2000 forms. In JCT CE form, the parties are referred to as suppliers and purchasers and it took the form of traditional two party contract used for procurement of construction works and construction services. The contract terms and condition are short and straightforward, and can be priced either by lump sum or by target cost having a guaranteed Maximum cost facility. What is unusual about this form is that the risk associated with the project is identified and then allocated the risks between themselves, particularly respect to time and cost. According to Keown (2010), As of 2009, the JCT CE contract appears to be rarely used, thus, it has not been tested in the market. In my opinion, JCT forms of contract are not the best option for the rebuilding of the confectionery factory because: * JCT forms of contract are basically intended for building/construction work, thus, will therefore, be inadequate in addressing the engineering aspect of the factory. * It required well- developed design before the construction works to commence, thus, unsuitable for work that would commence immediately. It is always criticised for polarising construction team and encouraging claims, thus, may not encourage a good relationships among parties involved, which is required for the success of the project. So, JCT forms of contract will not be considered for the rebuilding of the confectionery factory. 3.2 NEW ENGINEERING CONTRACTS (NEC 3) FORMS OF CONTRACT The New Engineering Contracts (NEC 3) is a family of NEC standard contract launched in 1991 that was revised in 2005 to replace NEC 2 suite that promotes a partnering culture, and has been cited has the preferred form of contract in Constructing the team, a report by Sir Michael Latham (Knowles 2001). The New Engineering Contract (NEC 3) suite adopts a different approach to the procurement and execution of construction engineering through a proactive means to construction problems as the work progress. It is a Non- traditional form of contract that embraces early collaboration of all parties involved to avoid polarisation that is claimed to be caused by traditional form, and also, intended to create an equitable balance of risk between the parties to the contract. NEC 3 is applicable to a wide variety of major and minor construction works, which include: Building and Civil engineering works; Mechanical and electrical plant/installations works; * Process engineering; and * Offshore fabrication. Some of the ways by which NEC 3 stage proactive features include: * Early collaboration and involvement of all parties, which include the client, project manager, contractor, subcontractor, etc. * The contractor proposes how to solve arising problems. * It embraces parallel activities between the design and construction activities. * It gives no chance for storing up of claims until after the work is accomplished. * It is better suited for a project that must be completed quickly, even if that faster completion makes the project more expensive i.e. timely procedure/response and programmes are primary and cost is secondary. The pro-active approach that embraces collaboration of all parties and more man-hours administration is emphasised in the first core clause of the NEC 3, which states that The Employer, the contractor, the project manager and the supervisor shall act as stated in this contract in the spirit of mutual trust and co-operation (core clause 10). The NEC 3 forms of contract that are currently in use are: * NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC) * NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Subcontract (ECS) * NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Short Contract (ECSC) * NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Short Subcontract (ECSS) * NEC 3 Tern Service Contract (TSC) * NEC 3 Framework Contract NEC3 Professional Services Contract NEC3 Adjudicators Contract. NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC) NEC 3 ECC is the most widely used NEC 3 contract for appointing the main contractor for building, civil and all other engineering works including any level of design responsibilities i.e. it allows the contractor to provide design (Clause 21). However, it should be noted that NEC 3 has no specific design and build contract. The ECC has six (6) main options and twenty-two (22) secondary options to choose from. The main options are: Main Option A: * Contract type priced contract with Activity schedule. * Pricing Mechanism Lump sum * Risk Allocation Contractor * Suitability suitable for contract that the client wants maximum cost certainty but the need for a complete design is important. Main Option B: * Contract type Priced contract with BoQ * Pricing Mechanism Re-measurement * Risk Allocation Contractor * Suitability suitable for contract where there are grounds works and there is uncertainty on the final quantities of the work. Main Option C: * Contract type Target contract with Activity Schedule * Pricing Mechanism Cost re-imbursement with pain-gain mechanism * Risk Allocation Shared between the client and the contractor Suitability suitable for contract where there is a need for an early start on site or the design is incomplete or inadequate. Main Option D: * Contract type Target contract with BoQ * Pricing Mechanism Cost re-imbursement with pain-gain mechanism * Risk Allocation Shared between the client and the contractor Suitability suitable for contract where there is a need for an early start on site or the design is incomplete or inadequate. Main Option E: * Contract type Cost Re-imbursement Contract * Pricing Mechanism Cost re-imbursement * Risk Allocation Client Suitability suitable for contract where it is difficult or impossible to define the scope of work (e.g. refurbishment work) or where the construction works have to start immediately (e.g. emergency work after fire damaged). Main Option F: * Contract type Management Contract * Pricing Mechanism Cost re-imbursement * Risk Allocation Client * Suitability suitable for contract where both the client and contractor have experience in construction work that has to start immediately. NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Subcontract (ECS) The NEC 3 ECS contract is similar to ECC but used to appoint a subcontractor after the main contractor has been appointed through the ECC. NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Short Contract (ECSC) The NEC 3 ECSC contract is used for small and medium sized simple and well-defined projects that worth up to 500,000 (2008 price), where the sophisticated systems of the ECC are nor appropriate. It does not have main options, but can be a lump sum or re-measurement contract. NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Short Subcontract (ECSS) The NEC 3 ECSS contract is similar to the NEC 3 ECSC contract, but used to appoint subcontractors after the main contractor has been appointed under NEC 3 ECSC. NEC 3 Tern Service Contract (TSC) The NEC 3 TSC is similar to the ECC and is used for projects where regular work is required from a contractor over a period of time such as the appointment of suppliers to manage and provide a service. A plan or scheduled of work to be carried out is agreed upon by the client and contractor, and then payment is made using any of the options A, C or E. NEC 3 Framework Contract (FC) The NEC 3 FC is a simple contract which is meant to be used in conjunction with other NEC 3 forms that will provide the contracts for call off contracts. It is used to appoint suppliers to carry out construction work or to provide design or advisory services on an as-instructed basis. According to Keown (2010), the JCT framework contract is probably a better choice now. In my opinion, NEC 3 ECC with option E form of Contract is the best for the rebuilding of the confectionery factory base on the reasons given in the concluding part. 3.3 Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE) Forms of Contract The ICE standard form of contract first edition was established in 1945 for mainly civil engineering and sometimes on building work that involved a large amount of earthwork. It is considered to be a traditional contract that requires a well-developed designed before the construction work can commence and contract administration under this form of contract is similar to that of the JCT. Experienced practitioners sometimes claimed that the ICE form of contract is complicated and not easy to understand, and are also frequently criticised for polarising construction team and encouraging claim just like the JCT form. According to Keown (2010), ICE contracts have different version, which include: * Measurement Version Contract: it could be re-measurement or lump sum contract suitable for large civil engineering work that worth 300,000 (2008 rough prices). Minor Work Contract: it is a shortened form of the measured version suitable for simple works with 6 months duration and up to 300,000 worth (2008 rough prices). Design and Construct Contract: it is similar to the measurement version, but the employer provides the initial design (Employers Requirement), which would be completed by the contractor (Contractors Submission) and then carries out the construction work. Term Version Contract: it is used where there is variety of construction works or works at different locations to be executed over a period of time. It also accommodates emergency call out type work. Archaeological Investigation Contract: it is a simple contract for archaeological investigation. Ground Investigation Contract: it is similar to measured version and suitable where the employer intends to develop a site and required specialist contractor to perform substantial on-site investigation. Target Cost Contract: it is essential for a cost re-imbursement contract. However, a target cost mechanism option is provided to give the contractor incentives to control cost. In my opinion, the ICE form of contract is not the best option for the confectionery factory because: * It is mainly suitable for civil engineering works and building work that involves substantial earthwork, thus, may not be adequate for other engineering works like plant installation that is required. * It requires a well-developed design before construction work could start, thus, unsuitable for this confectionery factory rebuilding situation which the work has to start immediately. * It tends to polarise the construction team and encourages claim, which may be a threat to the progress of the work. 3.4 Association of Consultant Architects (ACA) Forms of Contract The ACA forms of contract is a non traditional collaborative contracts introduced in 1982. It is the only multi party standard form construction contract in the UK, where parties including the client, key consultants, main contractor and specialist subcontractors sign up the same contract i.e. all the parties are in a contract with each other, owe each other a duty of care and can sue each other for breach of contract and duty of care (Keown 2010). There is no suggested limit on cost or type of contract which this form is best suitable for because of its flexible accommodation of alternative clauses (Clamp, Cox and Lupton 2007). The ACA has different forms, which are: Project Partnering Contract (PPC 2000): it is a sophisticated and complicated partnering contract, which requires great care in setting up and running, particularly when preparing the project partnering Agreement. Specialist Partner Contract (SPC 2000): it embraces the PPC 2000 procedures and philosophy, but focuses on sub-contracting and relationship between main contractor, main sub-contractors and specialist. Term Partnering Contract (TPC 2005): it is suitable for works and services that extend over a period of time or where there is periodic/planned maintenance and can also accommodate to call out work. * Extend the multi-party contract philosophy to Project Partnering Contract (PPC). In my opinion, the ACA forms of contract are unsuitable for the rebuilding of the confectionery factory because it does not give options for which someone can choose from. Conclusion In my opinion, NEC 3 ECC form of contract with Main Option E and probably Secondary Options 5, 6, 7, 12 and 14 would be the best form of the contract options for the rebuilding of the confectionery factory because: * It is suitable for engineering and/or construction work, which includes civil engineering, building, mechanical and electrical plant/installations work, process engineering and all allied industries that are adequate for the rebuilding of confectionery factory. * It does not require well- developed design before the construction works to commence i.e. it encourages a parallel operation between the design and construction activities, thus, suitable for work that would commence immediately as applied to the confectionery factory. * It embodies an efficient management process and stimulates good management of the relationship among all the parties involved, thus, avoid polarisation of parties involved. * Its collaborative working across the entire chain optimises the project success. * It uses clear and simple language, which is straightforward and easily understood. The NEC 3 ECC forms of contract with option E: cost reimbursement contract among other options of NEC 3 ECC would be considered for the rebuilding of the confectionery factory pursuant to the information given from the project proposal that it has been agreed that a single contractor would be employed to carry out the construction work and time cannot be spared for a well-developed design, since the construction work has to start immediately. 4.1 Confectionery Factory Rebuilding Project Parties and Organogram For the rebuilding of the confectionery factory, the identified parties that are likely to be involved in this project are: 1. Client/Employer 2. Project Manger 3. Architect 4. Structural Engineer 5. Civil Engineer 6. Mechanical Engineer 7. Electrical Engineer 8. Technology Specialist 9. Quantity Surveyor 10. Quality Assurance Officer 11. Cost Manager 12. CDM Regulator 13. Facilities Manager 14. Planning supervisors 15. Lawyer 16. Main Contractor 17. Building works Subcontractor 18. Mechanical Electrical Services Subcontractor 19. Plant Installation Specialist Subcontractor 20. Suppliers A detail organogram that shows these parties and their contractual relationship is attached below. 4.2 Contractual Relationships and Agreement For the NEC 3 ECC, option E: cost reimbursement contract chosen for this project, with a project manager leading and plan for a single contractor to execute the project, the contractual relationship will exist between: Client/Employer and Project Manager Client/Employer and each of his Professional Consultants Client/Employer and Contractor Contractor and each subcontractor including the suppliers 4.2.1 Contractual Relationship between the Client/Employer and the Project Manager Direct contractual relationship is suggested between the client and the project manager for this project. According to NEC 3 (2005), some of the contractual obligations between the client and the project Manager include: Client/Employer to Project Manager * If he wishes to terminate the project managers or contractors obligation in executing the work, he needs to notify and give reasons to the project manager (clause 90.1). * He must comply with the terms and conditions of the insurance policies (clause 85.3). * Pay the project manager an agreed sum for the services rendered. * Indemnifies the Project manager against claims, proceedings, compensation and costs due to an event which is at his risk (clause 83.1). Project Manager to Client/Employer * If the reasons given by the employer for the termination of the obligation are in compliance with the conditions of termination stated in the contract, he must Issue a termination certificate to the employer (clause 90.1). * Provides services (plan, supervise and co-ordinate and control the construction activities on behalf of the client) and other things as stated in the work information (clause 25.2). * He replies to the client communication on request (clause 13.3). * Indemnifies the client against claims, proceedings, compensation and costs due to an event which is at his risk (clause 83.1). * He assesses the cost incurred by the employer in repeating test or inspection after a defect is found in order for the contractor to pay (clause 40.6). * He certifies the date that the employer will take over any part of the work (clause 35.3). * Co-operate with all other project participants in obtaining and providing information, which they needed for the project to be successful (clause 25.1). 4.2.2 Contractual Relationship between the Client/Employer and each of his Professional Consultants. Direct contractual relationship is suggested between the client and each of his professional consultants for this project. According to NEC 3 (2005), some of the contractual obligations between the client and the project Manager include: Client/Employer to Consultants * If he wishes to terminate the consultant obligation in executing his duty, he needs to notify and give reasons to the consultant. * Pays the consultant an agreed sum for the services rendered. * Indemnifies the consultant against claims, proceedings, compensation and costs due to an event which is at his risk. * The client is obliged to comply with the terms and conditions of the insurance policies (clause 85.3). Consultants to Client/Employer * If he wishes to terminate his obligation to provide his works, he needs to notify and give reasons to the employer. * Indemnifies the client against claims, proceedings, compensation and costs due to an event which is at his risk. * Provides services (design, supervise e.t.c.) and other things as stated in the work information. * Replies the client communication on request. * Co-operate with all other project participants in obtaining and providing information, which they needed for the project to be successful. 4.2.3 Contractual Relationship between the Client/Employer and the Main Contractor Collateral Agreement is suggested or advisable between the client and the main contractor to safeguard his interests in respect to any matter that may arise within or outside the project contract. NEC 3 (2005) gives the contractual obligation between these parties, which include: Client/Employer to Contractor * Gives the contractor access to use any part of the construction site needed to carry out his work as stipulated in the contract (clause 33.1). * If he wishes to terminate the contractors obligation in executing the work, he needs to notify and give reasons to the contractor (clause 90.1). * Must comply with the terms and conditions of the insurance policies (clause 85.3). * Indemnifies the contractor against claims, proceedings, compensation and costs due to an event which is at his risk (clause 83.1). * Pays the contractor for the amount due to him within a specified period agreed upon (mostly one week) after an assessment date (clause 51.1). Contractor to Client/Employer * Indemnifies the employer against claims, proceedings, compensation and costs due to an event which is at his risk (clause 83.1). * If he wishes to terminate his obligation to provide the works, he needs to notify and give reasons to the employer (90.1). * Submit a programme of works for approval to the project manager if it is not identified in the contract data (clause 31.1). * Provides the works in accordance with the works information (clause 25.2). * Provides materials, facilities and samples for tests and inspections as stated in the work information (40.2). * Starts work on the site on the first access date and complete it on or before the completion date (clause30.1). * Complies with the health and safety requirements stated in the works information (clause 27.3). * Appoints subcontractors on proposed condition of contractors when the project manager has accepted the condition of contract (clause 26.3). * Be responsible for providing works that he subcontracted (clause 26.1). * Obey instructions issued by the project manager and the supervisors in accordance with contract (clause 27.3). * Co-operate with all other project participants in obtaining and providing information, which they needed for the project to be successful (clause 25.1). 4.2.4 Contractual Relationship between the Main Contractor and each Subcontractors Direct contractual relationship is suggested between the main contractor and each of his specialist subcontractors for this project. Some of the contractual obligations between the main contractor and the project Manager include: Main Contractor to Subcontractors * Indemnifies the subcontractor against claims, proceedings, compensation and costs due to an event which is at his risk. * If he wishes to terminate the subcontractors obligation in executing the work, he needs to notify and give reasons to the subcontractor. * Pays the subcontractor for the amount due to him within a specified period agreed upon after an assessment date. * Co-operate with the subcontractor in obtaining and providing information and drawings, which they needed for the project to be successful. Subcontractors to Main Contractor * If he wishes to terminate his obligation to provide the works, he needs to notify and give reasons to the main contractor. * Indemnifies the contractor against claims, proceedings, compensation and costs due to an event which is at his risk. * Provides the works in accordance with the works information. * Submit a programme of works for approval to the main contractor. * Starts work on the site on the first access date and complete it on or before the completion date specified. * Complies with the health and safety requirements stated in the works information. * Obey instructions issued by the main contractor in accordance with contract. * Co-operate with all other project participants in obtaining and providing information, which they need for the project to be successful. Reference ASSOCIATION OF CONSULTANT ARCHITECTS. (2003). ACA Form of Building Agreement 1982 (Third edition 1998, 2003 Revision). [online]. 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